Here's a challenging thought experiment: What is the most modern technology that you could go back in time the farthest and still make? Ex: I think I could go back about 500 years and make: A simple camera. An electric battery. An electric guitar (but not an amp). You?
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Thinking about the camera, I think it'd be possible to go back even farther. I think you could go back to the time of the Greeks or Egyptians and possibly make it. I think you could definitely go back 2500 years and create it in China.
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So then the followup to this thought experiment is: If an expert from our time could go back 500, 1000, 2500 years and create a piece of modern tech, then *what* prevented that culture/location from figuring it out? There really isn't much in a camera but, nobody made one.
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Replying to @zedshaw
I read a book called "Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk", which asks something similar: games of chance go back to the dawn of time, and you can run experiments with nothing but sticks and rocks. So why did it take until the 1650s to develop probability?
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Basically, culture: the idea that randomness exists was a cultural blindspot for most of human history. How can you even approach probability theory if winning or losing is obviously the will of the gods and depends on your own virtue etc. Many people still think like that.
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I'd argue that many other discoveries are the same: the intellectual or technological prerequisites have to be matched by a philosophy of science. Newton studied orbits and witchcraft with equal enthusiasm, and I bet his predecessors spent even more time on mystical dead ends.
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I think another aspect of that is nobody who figures something new out goes back and says, "Yeah, we were fucking stupid for not seeing this." It's almost like some kind of professional courtesy keeps science and math from admitting they'd been fucking up this whole time.
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