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wellerstein's profile
Alex Wellerstein
Alex Wellerstein
Alex Wellerstein
Verified account
@wellerstein

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Alex WellersteinVerified account

@wellerstein

Historian of science, secrecy, and nuclear weapons. Professor of STS at @FollowStevens. UC Berkeley alum with a Harvard PhD. NUKEMAP creator. Coder and web dev.

Hoboken, NJ / NYC
blog.nuclearsecrecy.com
Joined September 2011

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    1. Martin “Doomsday” Pfeiffer (⧖)  🏳️‍🌈‏ @NuclearAnthro 8 Nov 2017
      • Report Tweet

      Rephrase: Bioweapons are hard but I don’t know if I’m cool w/STS’s kind of nominalization & fetishization of tacit knowledge.pic.twitter.com/CQPQPd0bFL

      12 replies 4 retweets 28 likes
      Show this thread
    2. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 8 Nov 2017
      • Report Tweet
      Replying to @NuclearAnthro

      There are two common tacit knowledge errors I see in STS security scholarship. 1) Under-appreciation of role of instruments as reducers of tacit knowledge. (The difference between buying a Geiger counter and making one from scratch.)

      2 replies 2 retweets 17 likes
    3. Cheryl Rofer‏ @CherylRofer 8 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @wellerstein @NuclearAnthro

      Wow, Alex, there's a lot there! Do you mind if I jump in? Seems to me there are two kinds of tacit knowledge related to instruments. One is, as you say, buying versus making.

      1 reply 0 retweets 5 likes
    4. Cheryl Rofer‏ @CherylRofer 8 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @CherylRofer @wellerstein @NuclearAnthro

      Another is between tangible units of measure (length, mass) and abstract ones that rely on instruments.

      2 replies 0 retweets 5 likes
    5. Martin “Doomsday” Pfeiffer (⧖)  🏳️‍🌈‏ @NuclearAnthro 8 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @CherylRofer @wellerstein

      *cough* You don’t use instruments to measure a foot? Not a ruler? Or a laser beam?

      1 reply 0 retweets 3 likes
    6. Cheryl Rofer‏ @CherylRofer 8 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @NuclearAnthro @wellerstein

      I am saying that in addition to the measuring instruments, I have a sense of what they are measuring and can estimate from that. Or that the measurement tells me something I can feel.

      1 reply 0 retweets 6 likes
    7. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

      I consider "judgment" and "experience" to be forms of tacit knowledge. But my main point is, if you have good/reliable instruments, you can rapidly skip over steps that previous people needed tacit knowledge to know.

      1 reply 0 retweets 9 likes
    8. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @wellerstein @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

      Example: to identify what isotope a given radioactive source was used to take quite a bit of careful work. Today you can use "off the shelf" (though not cheap!) counters that instantly compare the gamma spectra to a database.

      1 reply 0 retweets 6 likes
    9. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @wellerstein @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

      That means that what used to be a somewhat laborious and expert step is reduced to pushing a button. It doesn't eliminate the need for expertise at all, but it means that sort of thing is no longer a serious barrier.

      1 reply 0 retweets 7 likes
      Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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      Replying to @wellerstein @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

      In the context of proliferation, it is the difference between having to invent or fabricate a krytron from scratch and the ability to buy one from a wholesaler. It reduces the tacit knowledge needed dramatically.

      3:59 AM - 9 Nov 2017
      • 4 Likes
      • Albert Lunde Steven R Clark Joshua H. Pollack Cheryl Rofer
      1 reply 0 retweets 4 likes
        1. New conversation
        2. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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          Replying to @wellerstein @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

          The practical effect is that in many fields (not all), as "science marches on," tacit knowledge requirements will drop. Tacit knowledge requirements for a new nuclear state probably lower than they were in the 1940s, for example, because reactors no longer bleeding-edge tech.

          1 reply 0 retweets 4 likes
        3. Alex Wellerstein‏Verified account @wellerstein 9 Nov 2017
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          Replying to @wellerstein @CherylRofer @NuclearAnthro

          For biothreats, the availability of new tools that let you, say, synthesize living viruses from computer code, will make the tacit knowledge requirement drop from "you need to be the very best in this field" (as when it was first done in 2002) to "you need access to the tool."

          1 reply 1 retweet 8 likes
        4. Cheryl Rofer‏ @CherylRofer 9 Nov 2017
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          Replying to @wellerstein @NuclearAnthro

          Thanks, Alex. Good points.

          1 reply 0 retweets 3 likes
        5. Martin “Doomsday” Pfeiffer (⧖)  🏳️‍🌈‏ @NuclearAnthro 9 Nov 2017
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          Replying to @CherylRofer @wellerstein

          All of this said, I would argue worries about garage style de novo synthesis of, say, smallpox or weaponization of other agents, are at best premature.

          2 replies 1 retweet 0 likes
        6. Martin “Doomsday” Pfeiffer (⧖)  🏳️‍🌈‏ @NuclearAnthro 9 Nov 2017
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          Replying to @NuclearAnthro @CherylRofer @wellerstein

          US & Soviet programs, among others, point to array of tech & processes involved in bioweapon making. Not all are being black boxed much less to same extent

          0 replies 1 retweet 1 like
        7. End of conversation

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