Alex WellersteinVerified account

(On Darwin, see Browne, The Power of Place. On Galileo, there are many good works — Feldhay, Galileo and the Church, is a pretty interesting place to start.)

Subtle politics aside, let's return to the initial question of how the science gets done. Science is a human activity. (What else could it be?) It is a set of practices, norms, institutions, methods, ideals, and so on, that evolved over thousands of years.

(Aside: Most of what we consider to be the hallmarks of science today did not solidify as commonplace until the mid-19th century, when Western science "professionalized" and was exported globally as a product of and response to colonialism/imperialism.)

(This is not a slander against science, just the way it has evolved over time. Yet another political wrinkle. Today Western science has become sufficiently "global" to just call "science," I think. Separately, it is worth saying that nobody here is "attacking" science.)

The practices of science (which are not codified into a single "method" that is used for all fields/places/times) are necessarily embedded in a very human world. That means, always, a very political world, because humans always exist in worlds with power issues.

This means that funding sources, sites of research, and even the context of the questions being asked are in some way impacted by the external world. Sometimes it is very subtle, often it is not.

Anyone who has actually been a practicing scientist will agree that sources of funding, and the institutions in which work is done, affect the direction — to some degree — of the work being done.

Sometimes it is a very strong influence, sometimes it is just something the scientist has to work with in order to do what they really want to do. It is not just a case of "guided" research. Remember: politics is subtle, and scientists are human agents (and thus crafty).