Articulating the ineffable. Programming language theory 
cognitive psychology. PhD @Stanford
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1. It's possible to do turtle-style graphics with data instead of effects. 2. Once you do that the fact that it's more complicated than `beside` and `circle` is obvious. 3. I am 110% skeptical that this idea about "teaching the turtle to move" pans out in practice.
Learning science lit suggests that with proper guidance/scaffolding, Logo has a meaningful impact on metacognitive skills. (see https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1986-31173-001.pdf …) A data-centric style still could be equal or better! But we need more evidence to be sure.
I think we should describe those results as about "programming" without suggesting initially that specific details are that important.
No, I think the claims are quite specific, and that's fine. Without evidence that other forms of programming have similar effects, there's no need, nor is it wise, to generalize to "programming".
The scaffolding is critical, as it is in just about any other transfer situation. Show me the scaffolding in most turtle curricula: very rare. Problem is people read "turtle" and skip "scaffold". But (different) scaffolds could work from many other settings too. »
Not at all disputing your claim that this remains to be shown in a data-centric style. Just saying that papers like this provide a convenient basis for a bait-and-switch: the paper is the bait, the switch is ignoring the scaffolding (which is HARD).
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