Methods of managing populations, identities, space & movement (i.e. Foucaultian modernity) emerged often first in the colonies not in Europe
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What about ghettos like the Settlement of the Pale or the Jewish quarter of Frankfurt?
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Predates Europeans in India at least. Caste system had pretty rigid spatial identity management aspects by like 300 AD (Gupta) iirc.
it seems to have existed even at the time of the indus valley civilization (approx. 2000 BC )
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No evidence for that afaik, just conjecture and circumstantial arguments like town layout. For Gupta era there is evidence, e.g. Manu Smriti



