'The House of Reps, Reston observed, was now not just divided into parties, "but into whose who went [to Europe for visits] and those who stayed home."' Cf: 2020, Congress reps who made earnest attempts to determine ground reality re: Covid, vs those who stayed Trumpie.
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Brits produce a secret Cominform doccalled "Protocol M" planning worker strikes in West Germany to undermine Marshall Plan. Marshall uses it in Congress as proof of threat. Soviets denounce it as a forgery. After the bill passes, Brits admit they faked it.
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Well, finally at the passage of the bill chapter, after a detour through Czechoslovakia toppling. RIP unspellable country that lasted 1918-93. At least from a spelling perspective, Czech republic and Slovakia is an improvement.
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Bill passes Senate finally in March. Now growing tension as Soviet posture grows more aggressive. Opinion forming that the Marshall Plan by itself would be futile without military build-up. France cajoled into joining bizonia, so now stage set for West Germany to form.
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Stalin starts spiral that will turn into the Berlin siege, using various excuses of terror threats etc. Fatefully they leave air travel due to an air collision incident between a Russian fighter and a British civilian aircraft over Berlin, and perhaps not wanting more such.
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House passes bill on March 31, incl. extra 900m for military aid to Greece and Turkey, and aid to China. April 2, 1948, Economic Cooperation Act/Foreign Assistance Act passes both houses. April 3, Truman signs into law. Part of rush was commie threat in April 18 Italy elections
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Italian communists get booed in election, support for US is high. Communists+socialists drop from 40% to 31% of seats. Pro-US coalition gets absolute majority. West gets Italy. Wonder how world would be if Patton had detoured to Prague, but bill had been delayed, losing Italy.
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Interesting. The US shared the plates for “occupation marks” with Soviets who promptly printed 8x as many as the US did, creating mini-inflation crisis. Luckily they were distinguishable by a dash in the serial number so the West could monetarily separate the two layer.
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The siege of Berlin was as much about the Soviets trying to gain control of monetary system by killing free commerce as about anything else. They printed as much money as the Nazis did, but did not allow convertibility to roubles for their soldiers.
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Economic integration was never There was underground arbitrage: US soldiers would sell things like $4 watches to Rysdysn soldiers for 10,000 marks, then redeem at official rate of 10:1 and clear a$996 profit. The mess cost US 6.75B in today’s money. Or 675m then? Much Catch-22
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West forks off the Deutschmark which Soviets ban in Berlin. Siege on by May 18. I had no idea this currency fork was such a big part of the story.
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The Berlin Magistrat votes to restrict Soviet marks to East Berlin. Soviets bring in communist mobs to beat up those who voted for the West. Both sides introduce their own notes. Train turned back at border. This feels like a real version of the CHAZ/CHOP Seattle nonsense.
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Aside: this kind of shit could easily happen in the US now. It would just be more sophisticated and involve muni bonds or something if feds and states/cities have breakdown. Currency shenanigans are a big marker of systemic breakdown. See also Indian demonetization.
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Russian commander Sokolovsky begins siege proper, moving divisions into position, cutting off electricity, putting up barrage balloons. On the American side, Lucius Clay begins the famous airlift. 480 flights a day landing by June, one every 3 minutes. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky …
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Everyone ready for bedtime story? Alright so Clay Rabbit and Sokolovsky Rabbit are fighting over Berlin and have banned each other’s currency. Deutschmarks are trading 1:4 against East marks. It’s a mess even without Softbank around to play games.
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A lot of this story revolves around US-UK physical control of Ruhr. Everybody wanted a piece of that to feature in their story. France wanted it internationalized to use it to reindustrialize. Soviets wanted Germany intact so they’d have a claim on it. Reparations golden goose.
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The occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium after WW1 for reparations defaults was part of what led to WW2. No matter how seemingly justified reparations are dumb. Eye for an eye logic. In WW2, the western allies fought a late battle to capture it. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket …
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Airlift continues as western parties fail to craft alt strategy. Soviets continue to insist on Potsdam framework, quadripartite decision on Berlin and rejection of currency schism. City needs 1400 tons of food, 2000 tons of coal a day. West also blockades industrial exports.
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A general feature of hostile geopolitics and international relations is rejecting all agreements except the most recent one that favors you. Since all treaties are made with imperfect info, if trust to perfect it breaks down you revert to last imperfect checkpoint.
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Potsdam was obviously a mess of an agreement made in fog of war conditions. But it suited Soviets to entrench there. For US new equilibrium that allowed Marshall reconstruction over Morganthau pastoralization was better and control of Ruhr allowed them to unilaterally go there.
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The treaties of international relations are like a series of really bad patches to a non-existent OS. They reflect the power balance and imperfect information of the last time the parties were temporarily not in conflict. Very Hobbesian.
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Clay is hawkish. Soviets can’t afford to lose Berlin because Tito’s Yugoslavia has just defected from eastern bloc. West positions B-29s in UK as a nuclear bluff but don’t know Stalin knows it’s a bluff because they are not nuclear capable and his spy MacLean has told him.
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Sidebar: I wanted to read this book since I thought it would be salient to post-Covid reconstruction. It is and isn’t. Marshall Plan was less reconstruction, more a retcon of WW2 endgame into Cold War opening and a NATO bootstrap. But maybe Covid too is an inter-war thing too.
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If so, what was the World War leading up to Covid and what is the Cold War we’re segueing into? “Europe reconstruction” = “climate” The rest of the mapping is murky af. Anyway back to the story.
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Failed attempt to resolve impasse as western ambassadors meet Stalin. Both sides misread other. West Germany is starting to recovery and heading towards forming a government in Bonn. Stalin is desperate to stop it. West is desperate because ground situation in Berlin is explosive
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The extent to which this is directly an economic regime mismatch coming to a head in a literal currency war leading to physical conflict
I hadn’t realized the extent to which the blockade and airlift were sideshows to a currency/economic conflict triggered by Marshall Plan.Show this thread -
This is Stalin’s last ditch attempt to stop West Germany from forming. He doesn’t have strong hopes of succeeding and is actually playing for full control of Berlin as consolation prize. But most Berliners hate the idea and desperate to stay with the West. Riots, etc.
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Again parallels to post-Covid. Different plans will have different success rates, creating tectonic pressures at interface points. Where are Berlins of today, vulnerable to post-Covid economic schisms? We’ve already seen Blue governors/mayors vs Trump+Mitch fiscal battles.
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Stalin is hoping airlift will collapse before winter and will demoralize Berliners so they cave to eastern control. But West has a secret weapon: new airlift ops commander William Tunner who, wait for it, is going to Taylorize the shit out of this! https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tunner …
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Plane porn break. C-54 Skymaster Star of the airlift. When Tunner was done cleaning up the operation, they were flying 24x7 and bringing in more food and coal than trains before the blockade. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster …
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Back in US, Truman facing an election year, and facing criticism of warmongering from his progressive party opponent Henry Wallace, who is in Stalin’s pocket (shades of Jill Stein?
) goes behind Marshall’s back to try sending his own unprepared emissary Fred Vinson to Stalin.Show this thread - Show replies
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