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teru_enoto's profile
ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚 🧲⭐️🛰⚡️
ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚 🧲⭐️🛰⚡️
ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️
@teru_enoto

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ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️

@teru_enoto

榎戸輝揚-宇宙物理学(理研白眉研究チームリーダー)シチズンサイエンスで雷の謎に挑む雷雲プロジェクト⚡️キューブサット衛星NinjaSatでX線天文学🛰宇宙線で月の水探しと月面天文台へ🌝 X-ray astronomer / Citizen science / Collective power of science!

東大物理→Stanford→NASA→京大白眉→理研白眉
enotolab.com
Joined November 2009

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    ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 7 Oct 2021

    This diagram shows mass and radius of various celestial bodies in the universe. Planets, stars, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are included. Each star is being crushed by gravity, but pushed back by different pressures. Original diagram is for a review in Japanese.pic.twitter.com/qVFgPVE6yn

    4:30 AM - 7 Oct 2021
    • 182 Retweets
    • 700 Likes
    • George Marrows cybergenetic 🧬 biomimetic Martin Holland Carlos López Borgoñoz Brian Joseph GeorgistFrog Eric J. Daniel Sawyer Stephan Dreyse
    17 replies 182 retweets 700 likes
      1. New conversation
      2. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (1) Celestial bodies maintain shapes through the balance between self-gravity and outward pressure gradient. Interestingly, the planets, stars, white dwarfs, and neutron stars in this figure have different pressure origins and are distributed at different inclinations.

        1 reply 3 retweets 24 likes
        Show this thread
      3. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (2) For planets, the outward pressure is the Coulomb repulsion of atoms and ions. For stars, it is the gas and radiation pressure originating from the energy generated by nuclear fusion. As the mass increases, the radius of the celestial body also increases and expands.

        1 reply 2 retweets 21 likes
        Show this thread
      4. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (3) In the case of Coulomb repulsion, approximating the distance between particles, and thus the density, is almost constant; the mass M is proportional to the cube of the radius R. In the case of stars, considering their microscopic physics, M is only proportional to R.

        1 reply 1 retweet 17 likes
        Show this thread
      5. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (4) On this log-log diagram, the constant density is an upward rightward line with slope 3. The right side of the line is less dense, and the further to the left, the denser it is. So a star with a large mass is fuzzier than a planet and less dense as a whole.

        1 reply 1 retweet 15 likes
        Show this thread
      6. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (5) Planets and stars are distributed in an upward rightward direction, whereas white dwarfs, which are supported by the degeneracy pressure of electrons, are distributed in a rather downward rightward direction.

        1 reply 1 retweet 19 likes
        Show this thread
      7. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (6) This is because as the mass increases, the star cannot be supported without increasing the density by decreasing the radius and increasing the degeneracy pressure to compensate for the increased gravity.

        1 reply 1 retweet 19 likes
        Show this thread
      8. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (7) The leftmost one, neutron stars, is just as dense as an atomic nucleus, also regarded as a giant nucleus. The pressure originates from the nuclear force and the degeneracy pressure of neutrons. It is slightly downward to the right, but rise steeply at a radius of about 12 km.

        2 replies 1 retweet 17 likes
        Show this thread
      9. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (8) On the far left is a black hole. They are already collapsed, so there is no pressure to resist gravity. The boundary of the black hole is drawn with the Schwarzschild radius. This means that the mass M and the radius R are proportional.

        1 reply 1 retweet 18 likes
        Show this thread
      10. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (9) In terms of the evolution of stars, as mass accretion continues, stars move upward where the mass is larger. Eventually, when the central density becomes high enough, the probability of particle collisions increases, and nuclear fusion ignites above the hydrogen burning line.

        1 reply 1 retweet 18 likes
        Show this thread
      11. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (10) In the case of a low-mass star, the outer layers are scattered, and finally, the star's central part becomes a white dwarf. This is a transition from left to right regions.

        1 reply 1 retweet 17 likes
        Show this thread
      12. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (11) In more massive stars, when nuclear fusion ends, there is no outward pressure. They undergo gravitational collapse and move from right to left, making a neutron star or a black hole. This is a supernova explosion or gamma-ray burst.

        1 reply 1 retweet 17 likes
        Show this thread
      13. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (12) We can also see from this figure that as the mass increases in a black hole, the density, evaluated from the Schwarzschild radius, is lower than some of other celestial bodies.

        1 reply 0 retweets 15 likes
        Show this thread
      14. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (13) The 1.4 solar masses is the maximum mass of a white dwarf (Chandrasekhar limit mass), and about 3 solar mass is the estimated maximum mass of neutron stars. The horizontal lines depict these.

        1 reply 2 retweets 21 likes
        Show this thread
      15. ENOTO, Teruaki | 榎戸輝揚  🧲 ⭐️ 🛰 ⚡️‏ @teru_enoto 8 Oct 2021

        (14) I tweeted these as a caption of this figure. This diagram has been presented in several textbooks, but I reworked it in my own way. That was fun.

        1 reply 1 retweet 22 likes
        Show this thread
      16. End of conversation

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