Gertrude Elion: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion … discovered the first leukemia drug (mercaptopurine), the first antiviral drug (acyclovir), the first immunosuppressant (azathioprine), the first AIDS drug (AZT) and many more. Won the Nobel Prize. With no PhD!
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Janet Rideout, one of Elion’s hires, also played a key role in the development of acyclovir and AZT. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Rideout …
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We hear about Rosalind Franklin all the time, but not her advisor Dorothy Hodgkin who invented X-Ray crystallography, the first means for discovering the structure of biological molecules (like DNA). Won the Nobel Prize in 1964. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin …
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Nettie Stevens discovered sex chromosomes. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettie_Stevens …
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You’ve heard of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics? That’s *Maud* Menten. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Menten …
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Gerty Cori, with her husband Carl, discovered how glycogen is converted to glucose and glucose to lactic acid. She won the Nobel Prize in 1947.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Cori
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Alma Howard discovered the cell cycle. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Howard …
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Rosalyn Yalow won the Nobel Prize for inventing the radioimmunoassay, one of the first tools for identifying the concentrations of molecules in biological samples. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow …
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Rita Levi-Montalcini won the Nobel Prize for discovering nerve growth factors. (She lived more than a century and attributed it to taking the growth factors herself!) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini …
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Mildred Cohn discovered how ATP (the “energy currency” of the cell) works. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Cohn …
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Flossie Wong-Staal was the first to clone the HIV virus. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal …
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Yvonne Barr co-discovered Epstein-Barr Virus. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Barr …
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Lynn Margulis pioneered the endosymbiotic theory (that organelles within cells such as mitochondria were once free-living single-celled organisms.) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis …
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(These are all biologists btw, obviously this is a selective list.)
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