https://thelri.org/blog-and-news/biomarkers-for-predicting-mortality/ … Most purported biomarkers for predicting all-cause mortality, with a few exceptions, have less predictive value than just asking patients to rate their own health.
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(For comparison's sake, the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality for being a smoker is 2.0. The adjusted HR of being obese (BMI >35) is 1.35 or so, which is similar to the HR for the Horvath methylation clock, having high cholesterol, high insulin, or low testosterone.)
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In general, a 2.0 HR is my rule-of-thumb cutoff for "this effect is definitely A Thing, and not statistical massaging or observer bias."
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GDF15 is a cardioprotective compound, anti-macrophage inflammation, anti-proliferative in tumors, inversely associated with BMI, associated with cachexia in cancer, associated with poor prognosis in cancer, renal disease, etc.
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