there were non-turning plows, namely ards, scratch-plows
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I'm familiar with ards, but doesn't plowing by definition involve turning the soil?
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intensive agr uses more labor/capital while extensive - more land. modern agr isnt necessarily more intensive, e.g. early 20th century midwest farmers as well as their soviet counterparts had quite low yields of <1 t/ha. They traded capital for labor but still used a lot of land
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I was going to make a related comment on your statement that "Extensive agriculture just means you’re not very efficient and so you use a lot of land to produce a given amount." - I'd avoid linking it to efficiency. If you have lots of land and not much labour or other inputs /1
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- harrowing was done after sowing to break large clumps of soil and cover seeds evenly - winter crops start to grow as soon as theres right temperature so they have an edge against weeds, what results in better yields. summer crops are less productive and were used as ensurance
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...summer crops were used as ensurance and to distribute the workload more evenly throughout the year. i recommend "Two Oxen Ahead", a great book on traditional agriculture of the sout europe
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