This is good news in multiple ways, for coronavirus vaccine development, understanding disease, and even modeling the future course of the pandemic.
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There has been a huge amount of uncertainty about immunity to SARS2—both in the context of COVID19 disease pathogenesis and in the context of how to develop a good vaccine.
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In our study, 100% of COVID-19 cases made antibodies. 100% of COVID-19 cases made CD4 T cells. 70% of COVID-19 cases made measurable CD8 T cells. We believe these findings are good news, and consistent with normal antiviral immunity.
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CD4+ T cell responses to spike, the main target of most vaccine efforts, were robust and correlated with the magnitude of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA titers. Again, good news.
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We specifically chose to study people who had an average COVID19 disease course—non-hospitalized—to provide a solid benchmark for what a normal immune response to SARS2 looks like.
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Additionally, any potential for crossreactive immunity from other coronaviruses has been predicted by epidemiologists to have significant implications for the pandemic going forwards. We detected SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells in ~50% of unexposed individuals.
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Detecting SARS2-reactive T cells in ~50% of unexposed people suggests cross-reactive T cell recognition between circulating ‘common cold’ coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. This might influence susceptibility to COVID-19 disease.
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Crossreactive T cells are also relevant for vaccine development, as cross-reactive immunity could influence responsiveness to candidate vaccines.
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Whether this immunity is relevant in influencing clinical outcomes is unknown, but it is tempting to speculate that the crossreactive CD4+ T cells may be of value in protective immunity, based on SARS and flu data.
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The Supplementary Figures can be found here as a public link. https://www.dropbox.com/s/nbzyucixb1441hj/Supplemental%20Material_CELL.pdf?dl=0 …pic.twitter.com/Jnpiu3btOk
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