In contrast, I've found that Canadians are remarkably more relaxed about cultural matters. Some of this might be downstream of Canadian multiculturalism, but I think a lot of it is just a slightly cooler demeanour in general. It's easier to be tolerant when you're chill.
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27. Related to the above, I feel like random people in Canada are more likely to actually *pay attention* to me and what I say I need, compared with Americans. I find it remarkably difficult to get Americans who I don't know well to pause their own narrative and *listen*.
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As a goofy example: I run really warm and feel ill when I overheat, so I often dress lightly even in the winter (yes, I realize I'm a walking stereotype here ❄️). In both Toronto and Boston I'm occasionally stopped by a stranger and told to put on a warmer coat.
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I usually respond with something like "I'm fine, thanks. I run warm and this is comfortable for me."
In Toronto, people back off and leave me alone. In Boston, I've been followed down the street (!) and insulted (!!) for refusing to acknowledge that I was under-dressed (!!!).
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I think the person thought that I was ungraciously refusing help? I genuinely think that they just couldn't stop their own narrative long enough to actually internalize the words that I was saying. 🤷♂️
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28. It's hard to assess this reliably, but I've seen Canadians be a lot more willing to go out of their way for strangers. I used to think that this was a climate thing when I lived in California: maybe something about inhospitable winters makes people more civic-minded.
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But then I moved to Boston, which gets plenty of cold and snow, and I still find that people take a much more "whatever" view when it comes to strangers and the public realm.
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29. My sense is that Canadians are much more willing to accept a good solution rather than a hypothetical perfect one, while Americans tend to demand the best solution and fall back to doing nothing when that's infeasible.
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A striking example is public transit: like American cities, Toronto can't build affordable heavy rail subways anymore, but they've managed to make do with a pretty impressive light rail (for Torontonians: street car) and bus network. Good enough, I guess?
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30. Modern Canadian culture is unquestionably cosmopolitan. For example, I am much more comfortable with Canadian attitudes towards immigrants than American ones.
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I don't experience this much myself, since I'm a "stealth foreigner" who doesn't read as foreign unless I want to. However, I find that many Americans default to treating immigrants as a sort of totem for political signalling, rather than, uh, actual people?
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I don't want to say much about the Trumpian "they're not sending their best" stance on immigration.
On the other side, there's a stance that I associate with the American center-left and various media institutions that I also find distasteful.
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This other view treats immigrants as helpless pets that you take care of to show that you're a good person, rather than real living people with agency and their own goals. It's obsessed with how Americans relate to immigrants, rather than the stories of immigrants themselves.
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The mainstream Canadian view of immigrants seems more individual. Immigrants are neither job-stealing invaders nor agency-less saints, just people.
At least part of that is related to Canadian demographics, which I'll talk about later!
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[That's all for now; I'll pick this up tomorrow! At minimum I want to talk about economic differences and how those affect day-to-day life!]
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Back for round 2! I'm going to put aside the culture/identity piece for a while and talk about economic factors.
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(Just a reminder, for this section in particular, that I don't have anywhere near enough time to fact-check each point in detail. Please correct me if you see something wrong and remember that these are opinions/observations/musings!)
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31. On the surface, the Canadian and American economies are pretty similar: they're both highly developed mixed economies with a strong services component.
Under the hood, there are huge differences that make meaningful changes to the way that the two countries function.
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32. A first place to look is the breakdown of GDP by industry. It's hard to make an exact comparison, but here are some representative charts from Statista using Statistics Canada/US Bureau of Economic Analysis data.
Source: statista.com/statistics/463, statista.com/statistics/248
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33. The first thing you'll notice is that the primary sector (agriculture, mining, logging) is way more important to Canada than to the US. Primary industries make up less than 2% of US GDP, but nearly 10% of Canadian GDP.
Canada is blessed (cursed?) with natural resources!
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34. Mining (including oil & gas) is literally an order of magnitude more important to Canada than the US: >8% of Canadian GDP but only 0.8% of American GDP.
Mining is the second biggest sector of the TSX (Toronto Stock Exchange) by market cap, after finance!
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35. This already tells us (or at least the Canadians) something pretty concrete.
Buying a TSX index fund is *not* the Canadian version of buying the S&P500! The TSX rounds to big banks, mining companies, and Shopify.
tradingview.com/markets/stocks
(This is not investment advice.)
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36. If you dig deeper you notice that Canada's dependence on oil and gas is somewhere between that of a regular developed country (like the US) and a petro state like Norway.
Oil and gas is something like 5% of GDP, compared to 20% for Norway.
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37. Oil is Canada's biggest export and a primary driver of the value of the Canadian dollar. As far as I can tell there's no single sector that drives the American economy in the same way.
(image credit; Economic Complexity Observatory, via Wikipedia)
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This actually messed things up for me personally at least once. When I was a college student my financial aid was calculated using exchange rates from the year before, which was fine until the 2014 crash in oil prices...
(Chart credit: xe.com)
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38. These changes are amplified by the fact that many service industries at tailored to the local economy. American financial services are diversified across a wide variety of industries, but financing mining (and especially petroleum drives a lot of Canadian finance.
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39. Speaking of finance, the banking sector was one of the few real "you're not in Kansas anymore" culture shocks when I moved to the US.
I remember walking around town and literally losing track of all the bank names. Bank of the West! Banc of California! East West Bank!
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In Canada, the six largest banks (TD, Bank of Montreal, CIBC, RBC, Scotiabank, and National Bank) account for more than 90% of the market share, and there are fewer than 100 chartered (licensed) banks in total.
The US has ~5k banks, and that doesn't even count credit unions!
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40. The Canadian and American economies are closely linked: the US is Canada's largest trading partner, and Canada is the largest destination for US exports (and second largest trading partner overall, after China).
This relationship is extremely lopsided.
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41. The US is Canada's largest trading partner (ahead of China) by a factor of ~7.
This made the Trump-era NAFTA debates weird for Canadians; it was like your parents fighting over where you should go for college. You're the one who has to go!
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42. NAFTA (or USMCA) is funny because Canadians look at the same that Americans do, even though they're counterparties.
Canadians: Ugh, we like cheap stuff but it means that American steal our jobs.
Americans: Ugh, we like cheap stuff but it means that Mexicans steal our jobs.
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(I'll probably talk more about NAFTA later because I didn't talk about the part of it that's most important to me, personally.)
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43. Stepping back from stats-heavy stuff for a moment, the Canadian and American economies have really different *vibes* (I'm serious).
One of the biggest things is differential development, or what calls *skew* (omar.website/posts/skew/).
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44. The Canadian economy advances faster than the American one when high levels of coordination are required.
Canada has had chip-and-PIN debit cards, usable at most points-of-sale and all ATMs, since the late 2000s. The US *still* doesn't have ubiquitous chip-and-PIN today.
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Canadians: American debit/credit cards increasingly have chips, but most points-of-sale use chip and *signature*. Better than when I moved here in 2012, though, when even my debit card (issued by a major bank) didn't have a chip. 🤦♂️
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I'm reasonably sure that the small- and highly-regulated nature of Canadian banking made it much easier to roll out new technology, even in the face of strong legacy network effects.
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45. In contrast, the American economy advances faster than the Canadian one *everywhere else*, more or less.
This holds up even in industries where you'd think that Canada would have a natural advantage, like logistics.
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Remember what I said about how urbanized the Canadian population is? The sound you heard in the background was the entire logistics industry salivating.
Plonk down a warehouse or two in each major metro and you're almost done!
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6. As of the 2016 census, Canada's population was ~35 million. More than half of them (~13 million) live in the five largest metro areas (Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary).
For Americans: that is like having ~165 million people across NYC, LA, Houston, and Chicago.
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Yet... as far as I can tell, the Canadian logistics industry offers a lower level of service at higher prices than the American one.
I haven't lived in Canada for a while, but here's a recent story:
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Last December I went home to visit family, and completed my mandatory 2 week quarantine in an AirBnB near the border. I realized that I forgot some toiletries and figured I'd buy them on Amazon.
... which could only deliver them within *10 days*. 😱
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In the US I can order ~anything from Amazon's catalog and have it delivered within 3 days, and all the basics (and more) are generally delivered next-day.
I genuinely have no idea what's going on here. What's up with Canadian logistics? If you have any ideas, please let me know!
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