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In this thread, I'm going to list up my notes where I have curated blockchain research papers for ~1.5 years, with a short description of them. Disclaimer: Layer1-focused, might contain wrong categorizations or descriptions.
1) First, consensus protocols! There is a *chain-based* family of protocols, derived from the Bitcoin's longest-chain rule (Nakamoto consensus). Many recent works are designed for proof-of-stake settings and differ in block proposers are elected.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Chain-based_consensus …
2) Another family of consensus protocols customizes traditional BFT protocols like PBFT to blockchain settings. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Block-based_consensus … Some proposals assume synchrony e.g., Dfinity.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Block-based_consensus:_Synchronous …
3) The "finality gadget" approach, adopted by three public blockchains (Eth 2.0, Polkadot, and NEAR), combines the two families; the BFT component deterministically finalizes a given Nakamoto-style blockchain. This idea initially proposed by Casper FFG.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Finality_Gadget …
4) Also, CBC Casper (my favorite) can directly construct a deterministic chain-based protocol. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/CBC_Casper:_Resources … Another notable consensus protocol "in the wild" will be Avalanche.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Avalanche …
5) Regardless of these new proposals, papers on the historical Bitcoin's consensus continue to appear, especially with a cleverer way of proofs or different security assumptions. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Nakamoto_consensus … I personally enjoyed this elegant proof https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/943.pdf by Ling Ren.
6) Similarly, GHOST (a fork-choice rule for high block rate, 2013) keeps being analyzed. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/GHOST A common misconception (even among academics) is that the current Ethreum uses GHOST, but it uses the longest-chain rule. Eth 2.0 uses its variant called LMD GHOST.
7) Sharding, a blockchain scaling solution being developed in the open-source community, started to appear at top security conferences in academia from 2018. The gap between them will eventually be narrowed. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Sharding https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Sharding:_Cross-shard_communication …
8) Other scaling proposals parallelize execution either by leveraging DAG structures or extending multiple chains simultaneously. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/DAG_consensus …https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Decoupling,_parallel_consensus …
9) Too many protocols? There are a bunch of "Systematization of Knowledge" papers that summarize proposals for blockchain.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Blockchain_Consensus_Protocols …
10) Formal verification can be used to prove the security of them. Contrary to its widespread application for smart contracts, there are various challenges to use FV for consensus. Especially, the liveness of chain-based consensus seems hard to prove.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Formal_verification_of_distributed_algorithm …
11) Next, economics and incentives! Incentives of Bitcoin's mining has been analyzed a lot, including the famous "selfish mining" strategy, showing rational miners can deviate from the protocol. More topics: bribing miners, mining pools, etc.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Incentive_analysis:_Nakamoto_PoW …
12) Papers on PoS incentives eventually appear. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Layer1:_Incentive_Analysis … Incentives of consensus significantly affect users, e.g., censorship on TXs or front-runnings. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Censorship … Other topics of economics include TX fees, stable coins, etc.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Cryptoeconomics …
13) Another hot Layer1 topic will be cross-chain/interoperability. The demand comes not only from the public chain community (e.g., ETH-BTC swaps) but also enterprise projects, which start with a consortium chain and then connect to more open chains.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Cross-chain_Protocols …
14) Cross-chain protocols are related to light clients because they are often based on the same primitive to verify the state/event of a remote chain called chain relays. https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Chain_Relay%2FLight_client … Also, there are various works on atomic cross-chain swaps.https://scrapbox.io/layerx/Atomic_Cross-chain_Swap …
This is the end! I hope this helps researchers and developers to find out the things they want.
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