michael_nielsen

You can go through this with long division. Same story.

At this point this new numeral system looks vastly superior to roman numerals. It's exploiting all this structure to get compact representations, which don't require new symbols, & which exploit deep properties of numbers to simplify addition, multiplication, & division. Amazing!

I'm far from an expert on the history of mathematics or its representations. The story above is unrealistic in many ways. Still, I think it gives at least a hint of the incredible mathematical and design insight required to invent arabic numerals.

And, of course, this story requires many incredible earlier insights: words, the alphabet, various ideas about multiplication and addition, and so on.

To finish, a fun question: is there some way to improve still further on arabic numerals? I believe the answer is almost certainly yes! But that's a thread for another day.

A few addenda: (1) as lots of people have pointed out, it'd have been more accurate to name them Hindu-Arabic numerals; (2) the ancient Greeks seem to have known much of this (which I didn't know);

(3) the ancient Babylonians ditto (which I did know - it was meant as a thought experiment about discovery and lines of insight, not history); (4) @DavidDeutschOxf has a lovely discussion of number systems in chapter 6 of "The Beginning of Infinity".

(5) Via @CXGonzalez_, a paper arguing that for educated romans, the computational difficulty of working with roman numerals was comparable to us working with Hindu-Arabic: http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/Proceedings/2008/pdfs/p2097.pdf …