The determinant of a matrix is how much the matrix expands or contracts space. More precisely: it's the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by the columns of the matrix. (Ditto the rows.) This, btw, is why det 0 => non-invertible: one or more spatial dimensions has collapsedhttps://twitter.com/ZachWeiner/status/1073671743846395905 …
That's why algebraic multiplicities (2, in my example) are needed, rather than geometric multiplicities (1, in my example). This is true of any non-normal matrix, except in the trivial case with eigenvalue 1, where raising to different powers makes no difference.
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No, the problem of missing an eigvec, and hence by your semantics missing an eigval, is not true of any non-normal matrix, only special non-generic ones (an infinitesimal perturbation will give full basis of eigvecs). e.g. [[2, epsilon][1,2]] has two eigvecs for ep \neq 0.
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Excuse me - I meant to say degenerate non-normal matrix. Again, with the caveat that the degeneracy is not for eigenvalue 1.
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