The determinant of a matrix is how much the matrix expands or contracts space. More precisely: it's the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by the columns of the matrix. (Ditto the rows.) This, btw, is why det 0 => non-invertible: one or more spatial dimensions has collapsedhttps://twitter.com/ZachWeiner/status/1073671743846395905 …
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(4) as a matrix function which (a) rescales when you rescale a column, (b) isn't changed by addition of one column to another, and (c) changes sign when columns are swapped. Fun to think through why all these are equivalent! Many other ways of thinking of the determinant, too.
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Some considerable fraction of mathematics seems to be keeping multiple ways of thinking about an object in your head, and moving back and forth between them.
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It's the product of the eigenvalues for any matrix. Not just normal ones.
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The 2 by 2 matrix [ [2, 0], [1, 2] ] has determinant 4, and just a single eigenvalue, 2.
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But 1 is basically the volume interpretation.
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