Hector Martin

Other than that, you can use oversampling to gain more SNR, but that requires increasing Fs beyond nyquist.

You have to be careful though, the lower the Fs is, the more stringent requirements will be put both in the anti-aliasing and the reconstruction filters. Both must be analog and will not be the ideal brickwall filter.

Fs only needs to be strictly above 2*Nyquist for whatever you want to encode. Oversampling is a practical requirement for ADCs and DACs as an *implementation detail*. The end result is still a black box that takes analog in and spits 48kHz out.

The fact that the *practical* way to make a near-ideal ADC or DAC is by resampling/filtering digitally first is irrelevant. That does not change the fact that 44.1kHz/48kHz digital audio is and always will be sufficient to encode all the information.

This has nothing to do with dynamic range. Dithering is required in order to have *consistent* quantization noise (a flat white noise floor) and to be able to encode the content with zero distortion. Dithering per se is not a perceptual hack.

Our perception of audio is in the frequency domain, not the time domain. This means that even though, say, a 1kHz tone at -100dB is *below* the broadband noise floor of 96dB, it is *above* the noise floor in a narrow band around its frequency.

That means we can perceive it as above the noise floor. Since music isn't a flat broadband noise source but strongly tonal, this means that the effective dynamic range of 16-bit PCM is *higher* than 96dB, because we can encode the information content above the noise floor.

This is all *without* shaped dither. Shaped dither *further* increases dynamic range by taking advantage of the frequency-dependent response of the human ear, to lower the noise floor in the bands where it most matters.