DRAM refresh is pretty wild 

pic.twitter.com/7S00bsiy41
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... but it can't be failed DRAM refresh in the HD44780 because the LCD constantly scans and DRAM reads=refreshes (and it likely isn't DRAM)
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I'm going to say noisy supply (or bad osc) causing glitching and SRAM corruption in the LCD controller as it refreshes the screen.
End of conversation
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