The experience of agency is integral to our sense of self and responsibility, and its dysfunction in a number of psychopathologies can have devastating social effects.
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The sense of agency can be operationalized to inferring a causal relationship between a subject’s internally generated actions/activity, and their external outcome. However, little is known about how having a sense of control over an outside object affects how it is perceived.
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Representations are fundamental to the idea of computation, and presumably underpin how the brain performs the seemingly alchemical transformation from ionic impulse to meaning.
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The cortex transforms a series of representations of the sensory world in building its percepts. Only recently have scientists been able to study how the animal’s internal states, goals and actions feed back to shape this sensory simulcra.
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We sought to understand how having causal control over an external object affects the cortical sensory representation of that object, given that fluent control must be informed by a dialog between action and perception.
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Here we devised a brain machine interface (BMI) task, in which mice learned to guide a visual feedback cursor to a target location for reward, using activity in brain areas recorded with widefield calcium imaging–acting as a survey of dorsal cortex throughout learning.pic.twitter.com/bpNX40IJpC
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Unlike traditional motor learning, BMIs allow the experimenter to prescribe the requisite activity patterns necessary for successful task execution, which can then be changed day to day.
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Thus, animals learning neuroprosthetic control of an external object must engage in continuous self-monitoring to assess the contingency between their neural activity and its outcome, preventing them from executing a habitual or fixed motor pattern.
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Animals therefore had to learn new activity patterns necessary for successful BMI control each session. They did this by first stochastically exploring neural activity space for patterns that could achieve hits, then exploited the successful pattern to reliably reach the target.pic.twitter.com/HXFEnSAj3a
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We found that parietal and higher visual cortical regions were more engaged when expert animals controlled the cursor, but not in naïve mice learning the task. Interestingly, parietal cortex has been shown in human studies to be involved in a sense of agency over one’s body.pic.twitter.com/rUkqqauBsB
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We then targeted recordings from individual neurons a parietal cortex homolog (AM), and found that cells responded more strongly to the cursor when mice were controlling it than when passively viewing it, especially when the cursor was close to the target.pic.twitter.com/1wKWrBcpHo
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Thus, the sensory representation of a causally-controlled object is sensitive to a subject's intention with respect to its goal. This might serve to strengthen the sensory feedback signal to adjudicating areas for executing more fluent control.
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