It's a hard calculation, and the hardest case is when n = 1 mod 8: https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.00952 Sergei O. Ivanov, Roman Mikhailov and Jie Wu wrote this in 2015 - and then realized that Brayton Gray could have known this result back in 1984. (2/n)
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It instantly follows that πₙ(S³) has more than one element except for n=0,1,2. (Oh, duh - πₙ(S²) has just one element when n = 0. I ignored that case in my first tweet.) Curtis showed earlier that πₙ(S⁴) has more than one element for all n > 3. (3/n)
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Mahowald and M. Mori showed that πₙ(S⁵) has more than one element for all n > 5. But that's where this business stops! If k > 5, πₙ of the k-sphere has just one element when n=k+4. I don't understand these computations: I merely admire them. (4/n, n = 4)
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A thing I've always tried to wrap my head around: Higher homotopy groups vanish for the circle S^1 as, naively speaking, there are not higher order holes to be grasped by them. Why are higher homotopy groups not vanishing for higher S^n, Why is S^1 different?pic.twitter.com/ht3I2ZoeIZ
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Because S^1 has a contractible universal cover.
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I remember back in the 60’s I had a professor who said he wanted to write a book about the 2-sphere. I remember because I was totally baffled - how could you fill a book talking about such a simple thing!?
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Simple things get complicated if you start talking about their interactions with all other things!
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Yes. Or consider this beautiful paper by Igor Turkanov https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02914 given a non recursive formula the function counting primes! Perhaps one of the oldest mathematical problems, coming from Euclid!
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Not nearly as basic, but today I got to lookup the list of known functions of great circle distance that define valid covariance matrices on a sphere. It's a much shorter list than in flat space.
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