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jljcolorado's profile
Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez
Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez
Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez
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@jljcolorado

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Prof. Jose-Luis JimenezVerified account

@jljcolorado

Dist. Prof. Chem. & CIRES, Univ. Colorado. #HighlyCited2021, Fellow AAAR & AGU. Aerosols, pollution #EndFossilFuels #COVIDisAirborne http://Bit.ly/FAQ-A  http://Bit.ly/c-est 

Boulder, CO
colorado.edu/chemistry/jose…
Joined July 2009

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    Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

    1/ TIME FOR SOME AIRBORNE + DROPLET HISTORY Now that @WHO and @CDCgov have finally accepted *after a year of denial and delays* that airborne transmission is a major mode for COVID-19, it is time to review the history to try to understand why this response was so poor.

    12:24 PM - 8 May 2021
    • 2,356 Retweets
    • 5,442 Likes
    • 𝕔.ℂ. 🗯 ELECTORAL FRAUD 2016 Robert Santiago Fernando Macías Iglesias cha Dulcetaur David Thompson Defpoints Eme -(ankostis)-
    139 replies 2,356 retweets 5,442 likes
      1. New conversation
      2. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Retweeted Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez

        2/ Remember, the evidence is overwhelming that airborne transmission (1 to 1 in close proximity, and 1 to many in shared room air = superspreading) is the dominant mode of transmission.https://twitter.com/jljcolorado/status/1383566908797059078 …

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez added,

        Prof. Jose-Luis JimenezVerified account @jljcolorado
        1/ TEN SCIENTIFIC REASONS IN SUPPORT OF AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION OF SARS-CoV-2 Peer-reviewed publication in @TheLancet An honor to have collaborated in multidisciplinary team across medicine, infectious diseases, epidemiology, aerosol science, sociology https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00869-2/fulltext …
        Show this thread
        3 replies 151 retweets 743 likes
        Show this thread
      3. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Retweeted Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez

        3/ And probably we are being charitable by saying only "dominant." Can't find any real evidence that airborne is not 99%. Airborne can explain all the epidemiological patterns, while large droplets and fomites can't, and they are pathetically lacking ev.https://twitter.com/jljcolorado/status/1390497149574651906 …

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez added,

        Prof. Jose-Luis JimenezVerified account @jljcolorado
        Serious question: do we have any evidence to suggest that airborne is not ~100% of SARS-CoV-2 transmission? Plausibly there are likely small contributions from droplets (if someone coughs on someone's face) or surfaces (rare cases). But is there evidence? Pls include in replies
        Show this thread
        7 replies 147 retweets 773 likes
        Show this thread
      4. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        4/ @zeynep published an outstanding article yesterday in the @nytimes where she explains the context, the implications, and some of the history. I wanted to give some more historical detail, without the word limits that she faced in @nytimes.https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/opinion/coronavirus-airborne-transmission.html …

        4 replies 134 retweets 708 likes
        Show this thread
      5. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        5/ Why does this matter? bc we still face resistance. We have seen how @WHO and others do the changes too quietly, and they don't communicate how the mitigations need to change. And in many countries they report that mssg doesn't arrive, still focusing on disinfection + plexiglas

        6 replies 129 retweets 790 likes
        Show this thread
      6. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Retweeted Ryan Davis

        6/ We have written an article on history. Started by trying to figure out where 5 micron error for droplet / aerosol boundary came from, since physics tells us it is ~100 um. E.g. see this video of 50 micron particles, ain't falling to the ground quickly:https://twitter.com/MicroLevitator/status/1283556047471378432 …

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez added,

        0:05
        Ryan Davis @MicroLevitator
        Much discussion lately in aerosol/disease transmission communities about the “5 micron cutoff” where droplets supposedly fall to ground w/in 1-2 m. @jljcolorado and @linseymarr has suggested ~50 microns. Here’s some video evidence for that. 50 micron droplets wafting in lab... pic.twitter.com/5SrE7GeKDF
        Show this thread
        4 replies 108 retweets 515 likes
        Show this thread
      7. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        7/ But as we investigated the origins of the 5 micron error, we learned a lot more about the history of infectious disease transmission, which is the root of the resistance and delays of @WHO and @CDCGov. As we'll see, the creation of the @CDCgov is deeply embedded in the errors!

        1 reply 63 retweets 459 likes
        Show this thread
      8. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        8/ Our preprint on the history can be read here. Written by @katierandall, @EThomasEwing, @linseymarr, Lydia Bourouiba and yours truly. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3829873 …

        2 replies 79 retweets 423 likes
        Show this thread
      9. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        9/ We need to go back to the origins of theories about the transmission of diseases. Hippocrates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates …) in ancient Greece proposed that diseases were transmitted through the air. [I think doctors still do the Hippocratic Oath: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath …]

        7 replies 50 retweets 410 likes
        Show this thread
      10. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        The Hippocratic text "On the Nature of Man" reads: "Whenever many men are attacked by one disease at the same time, the cause should be assigned to that which is most common, and which we all use most. This it is which we breathe in."https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hippocrates_cos-nature_man/1931/pb_LCL150.25.xml …

        6 replies 102 retweets 591 likes
        Show this thread
      11. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        11/ Throughout much of human history, belief persisted that diseases were transported through the air. Coming from putrid matter, traveling long distances (e.g. a person infected by the flu in Boston could infect someone in UK) This was miasma theory:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory …

        4 replies 38 retweets 333 likes
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      12. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        12/ The idea of person-to-person transmission, which now seems obvious (e.g. we get COVID-19, the flu, or tuberculosis from another person) wasn't seriously considered till Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed it in 1546:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro …

        2 replies 45 retweets 356 likes
        Show this thread
      13. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        13/ The debate ensued for centuries between the miasmatists and the contagionists. https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-234/lecture-13 …

        1 reply 29 retweets 278 likes
        Show this thread
      14. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        14/ A middle ground was devised, "Contingent Contagionism"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_contagionism …

        1 reply 30 retweets 253 likes
        Show this thread
      15. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        15/ CC was "a qualified way of rejecting application of term "contagious disease" for a particular infection. E.g. it could be stated that cholera, or typhus, was not contagious in a "healthy atmosphere", but might be contagious in an "impure atmosphere"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_contagionism …

        2 replies 34 retweets 273 likes
        Show this thread
      16. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Retweeted Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez

        16/ Eerie how that applies to COVID-19. Highly contagious under some low ventilation conditions, much less so under well ventilated or outdoor conditions. E.g. our preprint, where we reproduce indoor superspreading quantitatively with an airborne model:https://twitter.com/jljcolorado/status/1388948704384725000 …

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez added,

        Prof. Jose-Luis JimenezVerified account @jljcolorado
        1/ A SIMPLE WAY TO ESTIMATE THE RISK OF INDOOR SUPERSPREADING Our preprint using the airborne transmission model Captures the literature outbreaks well. So we can use it to see whether an activity is at risk of superspreading Also to compare diseases https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.21255898v1 …
        Show this thread
        3 replies 68 retweets 390 likes
        Show this thread
      17. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        17/ Florence Nightingale was a contingent contagionist. During the Crimean war in the 1850s, she greatly reduced infection rates with social distance & ventilation.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale …

        3 replies 90 retweets 525 likes
        Show this thread
      18. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        18/ In 1854, there is a cholera epidemic in London. The public health established believed it to be caused by a miasma (bad air). John Snow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow ) shows that it is transmitted through water!

        4 replies 34 retweets 320 likes
        Show this thread
      19. This Tweet is unavailable.
      20. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Retweeted David Fisman

        20/ @DFisman explained in this brilliant thread why the establishment was so keen on rejecting water as the source of cholera: they had a lot to lose, including their prestige by admitting they had been so wrong. Snow was outsider & could afford fighthttps://twitter.com/DFisman/status/1297676282755506177 …

        Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez added,

        David FismanVerified account @DFisman
        Replying to @KathrynMcGold @angie_rasmussen @SaskiaPopescu
        Always good to remember that almost every public health expert thought John Snow was wrong when he asserted that cholera might be transmitted by waterborne particles too small to be seen with the naked eye. Prevailing model held that cholera was spread by a toxic gas, a miasma
        3 replies 85 retweets 472 likes
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      21. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        21/ Ignaz Semmelweis was another pioneer of disease transmission (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis …). In 1847, he figured out that handwashing greatly reduced deaths by childbed fever in a maternity clinic:

        2 replies 38 retweets 331 likes
        Show this thread
      22. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        22/ These are some of Semmelweis' data (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis …): I'd call that pretty convincing and certainly worth a serious look.pic.twitter.com/gRKOccyKhw

        1 reply 28 retweets 286 likes
        Show this thread
      23. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        23/ But Semmelweis's was largely ignored, rejected, or ridiculed. He was dismissed from hospital for political reasons and harassed by medical community in Vienna, being eventually forced to move to Budapest. After some years broke down, was interned & beated, died of infection

        3 replies 30 retweets 310 likes
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      24. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        24/ In the 2nd half of the 19th Century, Pasteur and Koch demonstrate the germ theory of disease:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease …

        1 reply 25 retweets 250 likes
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      25. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        25/ Germ theory is not accepted overnight: "By the end 1880s, miasma theory was struggling to compete. Viruses were initially discovered in the 1890s. Eventually, a "golden era" ensued, with identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease …

        2 replies 28 retweets 262 likes
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      26. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        26/ In the 1990s Carl Flugge in Germany sets out to disprove the then dominant theory, that tuberculosis is transmitted when the dry sputum of the sick goes back into the air.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Fl%C3%BCgge …

        3 replies 26 retweets 217 likes
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      27. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        27/ Flugge thought that it was not the dried secretions from the sick that went back to infect, but rather the fresh secretions were leading to infection before reaching the ground. We explain this in paper (Lydia B. read the original papers in German) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3829873 …

        1 reply 25 retweets 223 likes
        Show this thread
      28. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        28/ Although it has been attributed to him (e.g. erroneously in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Fl%C3%BCgge …), he didn't push "Flugge's droplets" that fell to ground. They waited 5 hours for droplets AND aerosols to settle from the air!!

        4 replies 25 retweets 221 likes
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      29. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        29/ In 1905 a speaker at the pulpit of the expansive UK House of Commons gargled with a broth culture of B. prodigiosus before reciting Shakespeare passages in a loud voice to the empty room...

        1 reply 34 retweets 256 likes
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      30. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        30/ ... although growth colonies were more numerous in plates near the speaker, cultures were apparent on plates over 21 m away. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=VcBDAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA11-PA66 …

        2 replies 32 retweets 303 likes
        Show this thread
      31. Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez‏Verified account @jljcolorado 8 May 2021

        31/ So we get to the critical point in the history, the work of prominent American epidemiologist Charles V. Chapin. He was very successful, in 1927 the President of American Public Health Association.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V._Chapin …

        3 replies 24 retweets 240 likes
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      32. Show replies

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