... which again is grist for theories that the early Arab advance was aided by (eastern / Egyptian) Monophysite dissatisfaction with the religious orthodoxy enforced from Constantinople.
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Constantine dies of the unpleasant disease known as dysentery in AD 685. His son Justinian II, who is only 16 or something, accedes. Justinian's early campaigns in the Balkans go well, but then he decides to break the Arab truce and unleashes disaster.
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This happens in 692/3, he attacks east into Iraq, with an army full of Slav mercenaries. The Slavs desert and he loses. Rinse and repeat. Thereafter the constant Arab raiding into Anatolia starts up again. Good job Justinian.
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After a further diplomatic faux pas involving his failed attempt to arrest the Pope at Rome (for reasons), and overmuch harsh fiscal policy, Justinian is facing a coup.
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The time has now come to introduce you to the ancient world equivalent of football hooliganism. These are the demes. Think of them as hippodrome racing fan clubs with social and political influence.
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It is my belief we can restore this world in which football clubs make and break emperors. I believe this.
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In early Byzantium, the two rival clubs (or demes) are the Blues and the Greens. As soon as Justinian is deposed, the Blues rise up and install the genreal Leontius as emperor in his place.
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Justinian II has his nose and tongue slit. Mutilations were thought to make a candidate unsuitable for future imperial office. Then he's banished to southern Crimea (Cherson). Picrelated, from a late medieval (latin) manuscript.pic.twitter.com/oE9Mc9e9t8
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Leontius rules for three years. Barely has he taken control than Carthage finally falls to the Arabs. Leontius tries to retake it in 697, and succeeds! But his forces are repulsed by the Arabs again in 698, and this time the loss is permanent.
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Replying to @eugyppius1
The disfiguration of Byzantine rulers to cause deligitimisation, such as cutting noses, is unique (I think?). The only similar example I can think of is disfiguration of statues in Egypt etc by breaking the nose off. Is there any basis, perhaps theological, for this practice?
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It seems to be cultural. In the contemporary West they impose the monastic tonsure. It's interesting that there are rare cases in which these efforts don't seem to work, ie they're not always and everywhere delegitimising.
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