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6/ Putting why causal emergence gets around the exclusion argument into philosophical language: it does so by two facts: a) causation is not binary but rather scalar, and b) causation at the macroscale can be vastly greater than at the underlying microscale.
7/ Kim would immediately say "but how can the macro do more causal work than the micro!" Because his view of causation is binary (is something a cause, yes or no) he misses that a lot of microscales have noise. Micro -> micro transitions are often noisy / unnecessary.
8/ When there's noise/ no necessity in the micro causal relationships, a macro can eliminate noise or lack of necessity and therefore do what Kim calls "causal work." Ontologically macros do unaccounted causal work by error-correcting noise / necessity in micro causal relations!
9/ As macros get bigger and systems larger and more noisy, the amount of error-correction has no upper bound. However, it's also easy to prove that if a micro has no noise, and all its causal relationships are necessary, there's no causal emergence. So it's system dependent.
10/ Causal emergence makes a really good case study of how a problem that seems insurmountable (exclusion) only seems that way from the armchair. How many other philosophical arguments (like, say, the zombie problem for consciousness) seem insurmountable but are really not?
11/ I love analytic philosophy. It's been hugely influential both personally and professionally. Philosophy, taken broadly, is to me perhaps the grandest discipline. I'm not someone who thinks philosophy is all just fluff waiting to be replaced by science.
12/ But ultimately, *a great deal* of contemporary analytic philosophy takes place at the level of human intuition, with its overly broad human-level concepts, and without any math or simulations. It is like they are all fighting with wooden swords.
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