The seven cardinal virtues all have (+) externalities. Prudence Temperance Courage Justice Faith Hope Love
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Misapplied, these can all have severe negative externalities as well, fwiw
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CS Lewis had a ship metaphor. We shd try to steer out of everyone's way, but if you don't look after your ship you won't be able to. So being hardworking or curious or whatever -> a better ship -> no neg externalities
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From Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: “We should also keep in mind Aristotle's statement in the Politics that the political community is prior to the individual citizen—just as the whole body is prior to any of its parts (1253a18–29).” Virtues preceded modern individuals
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That’s really terse because of the long quote. But I would argue that you’re right because virtues were created in a world where the individual wasn’t the atomic unit of humanity in the same way that it is today so virtues must touch on the collective almost by definition.
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Relying on some semantics: Frugality has the negative externality of slower gdp growth. Vanity has the positive externality of beauty. Forgiveness creates bad incentives.
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I don't think it's the defining characteristic of virtue, but it is a corollary. I would define virtue as a mode of behavior that tends toward eudaimonia/flourishing. Since humans are social creatures, virtue must necessarily foster social harmony even if personal growth defines.
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how could a virtue kill a cat
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I wouldn’t consider curiosity a virtue because it has to relation to the disposition of one’s character It’s a trait that people tend to think is good, but it’s not a virtue
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