An early medieval hanging bowl recovered from one of the post-church graves at the 5th–6thC British church site of St Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln; now in @LincsCathedral :)pic.twitter.com/B4RF7k9vcy
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An early medieval hanging bowl recovered from one of the post-church graves at the 5th–6thC British church site of St Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln; now in @LincsCathedral :)pic.twitter.com/B4RF7k9vcy
The Mint Wall, Lincoln—the surviving portion of outer wall of the basilica, orig 9m high, just to north of the St Paul-in-the-Bail British church site.pic.twitter.com/k10SpFK2t6
The walls of the 5th- to 6th-century church in the forum at Lincoln are marked out in bricks just to the east of the castle; could have held around 100 worshippers :) Pic: http://www.wparkinson.com/Churches/Lost.htm …pic.twitter.com/7m16Wxx4JW
The columns of the Roman colonnade to the east of Lincoln's forum are likewise marked out along Bailgate; the surviving bases & a Roman sewer were discovered there in the L19thC.pic.twitter.com/G3qkFT9siv
Mosaic of Fortuna from the Roman forum at Lincoln, now in @collectionusher, and a reconstruction of the pre-church forum by David Vale (via https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/interest/the-roman-well …)pic.twitter.com/XlzVW9o960
The Roman well in Lincoln's forum, located immediately to the east of the 5th- to 6th-century apsidal church & possibly used as its baptistery; it continued in use until the 17thC: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/596657 pic.twitter.com/Vtt6D3XUt9
After the demolition of the apsidal church at some point in the sixth century, the forum then seems to have been used as a graveyard for several centuries & was probably kept open with graves marked until the 10th century, when a small stone church was built around one of them…
Fwiw, has been suggested the large Roman basilica that formed the north of the forum was refurbished in the 7thC to become the stone church of Paulinus... Might explain exceptional survival of its north wall... (pic=http://heritageconnectlincoln.com/imgGallery/original_2008_Mint_Wall.jpg …)pic.twitter.com/quYyFRoRTi
In any case, the Roman forum clearly used & kept open as a burial ground through until 10th century, when stone church built there. This began sequence of stone churches here that lasted until 1972. Pic=St Paul-in-the-Bail & the Cathedral, 1784: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/topdrawings/l/005add000015541u00065000.html …pic.twitter.com/eo6U3XYOjX
Of course, Lincoln's 5th-/6th-century church not only evidence for continuing Romano-British Christianity in eastern Britain e.g. in c. 600, Pope Gregory sent St Augustine the relics of Sixtus II to replace those of an unknown British St Sixtus whose cult he encountered...
And not forgetting that some Anglo-Saxons were also converted pre-Augustine, of course! For example, Pilu & Genereus were two Christian 'Saxons' who were on Iona with St Columba before AD 597: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/columba-e.asp … (chps 11+23) :)
As to who the late and post-Roman churches in Lincoln's forum were associated with, one good possibility is the Romano-British Bishop of Lincoln, first recorded in AD 314 & perhaps also visible in distribution of late Roman tanks/fonts around Lincoln...pic.twitter.com/UAtF2rr8dE
For more on the regional context of the 5th-/6th-century apsidal church in the forum at Lincoln, see https://twitter.com/caitlinrgreen/status/759698675996037120 … :)
Also relevant when thinking about the context of the continued 'post-Roman' activity in the forum at Lincoln:https://twitter.com/caitlinrgreen/status/741901272899522560 …
Finally, the Greetwell villa-palace just outside of Lincoln is intriguing too—probable residence of Late Roman provincial governor, maintained into 5thC w/ immense corridors & mosaics, plus indications of post-Roman activity & estate continuity… http://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/02/roman-mosaics-from-lincolnshire.html …pic.twitter.com/MkWAgGe9ce
For interest, an early Anglo-Saxon pot from the Greetwell villa-palace & its implications :) http://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/04/an-early-anglo-saxon-pot-from-greetwell.html …pic.twitter.com/6TmVNbdyUO
Fwiw, has been recently argued that the villa-palace's estate may have survived intact to become an Anglo-Saxon minster estate and, subsequently, the 11thC & later Monks Leys estate at Lincoln… http://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/02/roman-mosaics-from-lincolnshire.html … (pic=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monks_Abbey,_Monks_Road,_Lincoln_(431220060).jpg …)pic.twitter.com/OGqeN4En8m
The outline of the 5th- to 6th-century apsidal church in the forum at Lincoln with the medieval cathedral behind.pic.twitter.com/a1IPli2Fyl
Also worth noting that the Roman gates at either end of the east–west road that passed through the forum may well have seen activity/maintenance too e.g. not only was Roman west gate still standing in 11thC, but so too was its first floor chamber... (pic=http://www.wellandantiquemaps.co.uk/western-gate-roman-lindum-lincoln-gentlemans-magazine-c1836 …)pic.twitter.com/UG91UyWE3r
Likewise, Lincoln's Roman Upper East Gate (which was demolished in 1763) was given along with its chambers to Bishop Alexander by the king as a residence in the mid-12th century… (pic=http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/lincolns-gates.html …)pic.twitter.com/5DVFf7qKFM
For interest, a reconstruction of Lincoln's Upper South Gate in the 13th century, by David Vale: https://twitter.com/SocLincsHist/status/956188711116525570 … :)
The Roman North Gate of the Upper City at Lincoln — unlike the others, it has not been buried by the castle or dismantled in the early modern period, but is instead still used by traffic to this day :)pic.twitter.com/1FiwW1fHSW
Incidentally, the place-name Lincoln is itself very interesting—seems, unusually, to be derived directly from the British form of the town-name: British Latin *Lindocolonia > Late British *Lindgolun > Old English *Lindcolun etc :)https://twitter.com/caitlinrgreen/status/759698675996037120 …
Also worth noting that that the seventh-century Anglo-Saxon kingdom-name Lindissi — which survives as the modern district-name Lindsey — derived from a British group-/territory-name *Lindēs that referred to the people of Lincoln... https://www.academia.edu/27372761/The_British_Kingdom_of_Lindsey …pic.twitter.com/M82284XugY
Note, reanalysis of radiocarbon evidence from Lincoln indicates that the post-church burial stage of the site had almost certainly begun by c. AD 600 & that the apsidal church is not Anglo-Saxon as sometimes claimed, but rather 5th-/6th-century British… http://www.caitlingreen.org/2017/12/fifth-to-sixth-century-british-church-lincoln.html …pic.twitter.com/xEryQkLasj
A bone from the post-church graveyard at St Paul in Bail, Lincoln, in @collectionusher; the forum seems to have been kept open and used as a burial ground from the late 6th century through until 10th century, when a stone church was built there.pic.twitter.com/oS4tCdAFPJ
The sequence of pre-c. 600 AD wooden buildings at St Paul in the Bail, Lincoln, showing their relationship to the Roman forum: http://www.caitlingreen.org/2017/12/fifth-to-sixth-century-british-church-lincoln.html …pic.twitter.com/pDWJgiOuJS
The Roman well in Lincoln's forum, located immediately to the east of the 5th- to 6th-century apsidal church & possibly used as its baptistery; the well continued in use until the 17thC.pic.twitter.com/cnDyXZaFkR
Another view of the outline of the post-Roman church in the centre of Lincoln's forum. Note, reanalysis of radiocarbon evidence indicates that the apsidal church here is not Anglo-Saxon as sometimes claimed, but rather 5th-/6th-century British…pic.twitter.com/WijtNAsKUO
A doorway and staircase from the surviving remnants of the 3rd-century AD Upper East Gate of Roman Lincoln; the East Gate was apparently used as a residence in the medieval period, being given to the Bishop of Lincoln in 1130–3 by Henry I.pic.twitter.com/siJmT7iSX4
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