Here’s the Katz’s History of Mathematics (table of contents and the cover in the tweet below). Every chapter has a bunch of exercises, where you have to show or prove or solve something using the methodologies or number systems used in the chapter.
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Replying to @linnic91
Not perfect but for exploring how things were arrived at, my favorite book on the history of math is Viktor J. Katz’s A History of Mathematics - it’s very in-depth. For playfulness but also seriously getting into maths - Joel David Hamkin’s Proof and The Art of Mathematics
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