Kubernetes Borg/Omega history topic 2: Borg had Machine key/value attributes that could be used in scheduling constraints. Borgmon had target labels to convey application topology, environment, and locale. But Jobs themselves didn't originally have k/v labels.
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Thus, in mid 2013, we proposed key/value labels, for both Borg and Google Cloud, to facilitate higher-level application management. Of course, it was much easier to incorporate them into a greenfield project like Kubernetes, which had labels from the beginning.
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Label selector semantics were designed originally for the monitoring system. Monitoring and load-balancing systems wanted to ensure that non-overlapping queries could be constructed. Without disjunction, a common key with different values ensures two selectors don't overlap
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Selectors are also simple enough they could be reverse-indexed, which could be used by watch to find outstanding queries matching labels of a new/changed resource instance. But we haven't implemented this yet in K8s (http://issues.k8s.io/4817 )
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Another thing we haven't implemented yet that SREs asked for in the original design is a way to default, require, prohibit, and validate label keys and values:http://issues.k8s.io/15390
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