German politics from 1/30-4/30/1933 is essentially the story of how the Nazis shut down the country’s democratic institutions, destroyed the freedom of its press & media, & created a one-party state in which opposition was punishable by imprisonment, banishment, or even death.
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Hitler made sure that the armed forces were on his side by giving them massive increases in funding & a huge new armaments program...His program for making Germany great again included a new aggressive attitude in international affairs.
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Hitler’s seizure and remaking of the state was buttressed by a wholesale reorganization of the education system and an effort to redefine German culture. The intellectual quality of German universities, which had led the world in research before 1933, plummeted.
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Before Hitler took over, 1/5 of all university students were enrolled in the humanities; by the eve of the war, that portion had been cut in half, in a student body that was itself shrinking rapidly, from a total of 104,000 in all universities in 1931 to just under 41,000 in 1939
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The regime’s assault on culture extended to its policy toward the arts, which were “coordinated” by Goebbels in a Reich Chamber of Culture that ended funding for modern painting, sculpture, and music, and banned allegedly subversive artists from working.
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The main objective of Nazi education and culture was not to distract people from issues of political importance; it was to instill a new sense of patriotism. Pupils were made to salute the flag before school every morning...
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History lessons were turned into a celebration of German heroes from the past. Geography was Nazified in order to justify German claims on other parts of Europe...Such exercises pointed to the fact that the regime constantly targeted minorities to mobilize approval and support.
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Elections & referendums were put to the voters, & they routinely delivered majorities in favor of whatever the gov’t proposed - results achieved by depriving opponents of the vote, by manipulating the electoral process, & by intimidating the great mass of people.
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Hitler was a conspiracy theorist without equal: Influenced by a bizarre forgery known as the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion”, he believed, perhaps as early as 1919, when he used these views into his first-ever recorded speech—that there was a worldwide conspiracy of Jews...
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...that Jews, directed by a secret cabal probably located somewhere in Paris, to overthrow the German race, annihilate its culture, and render it impotent before its enemies. All Jews everywhere, no matter their political views, were part of this vast plot.
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Hitler deprived Jews of German citizenship, robbed them of their livelihoods, stripped them of their possessions, forced as many of them as he could to emigrate by making their existence in Germany a living hell...
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Ordinary Germans were not won over by such acts of persecution and destruction; only a minority applauded them. But the great mass of Germans did nothing to stop any of this. Civil courage was in short supply in a country cowed into submission...
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