Elinor Ostrom's 7 rules for allocating common pool resources:
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6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials.
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7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities.
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BONUS: For CPRs that are parts of larger systems: 8. Nested enterprises Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.
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None of these require privatization or state control Rules are usually defined according to local needs of the appropriators of the resource themselves
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That said, the threat of state sanctions is a good way to get local resource users to cooperate among themselves
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California averted its water crisis in the 1920s-1950s because everyone was scared that if they didn't work together, some judge would decide the water allocation for them
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