2/ Then what explained remaining gender gap in developed world : 2 factors which are not stories of discrimination, but equal pay for equal work narratives: -Gap in education -Penalties associated w/ motherhood Here’s the story:
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3/ educational gap seen in STEM tertiary education, for instance There’s an earning gap that depend on degree-field combination chosen by men vs women Women have slowly made educational choices more similar to men and leading to same earnings, but not enoughpic.twitter.com/QztUKtIIcr
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4/ Why focus on STEM (she’ll come back to STEM edu a lot in the talk later)? Bertrand shows evidence that STEM is a good choice for women b/c less earning gap than in other fieldspic.twitter.com/6gAMhcg7vS
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5/ key other factor is penalty associated w/ motherhood (in many countries: US, UK, Austria, Germany, etc). In Denmark today for instance, earning gender gap is 25% (including
who have left workforce), most of which is due to child-related gender inequality.pic.twitter.com/qb8YYEAAr2
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6/ motherhood penalty mix of exiting workforce, childcare issue, workday hours cut due to necessity of matching schoolday length, need for flexibility is costly ( you can’t work long hours), necessity to look for jobs closer to residence, among otherspic.twitter.com/zcPyXrT87x
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7/ Bertrand says 2 underlying narrative explain this gap: educational/parenthood choices reflect ≠ in skills & preferences OR are a reflection of powerful stereotypes. Her key Ely contribution is to show how & why it’s harder than usually believed to separate out the 2
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8/ econs usually focus on DESCRIPTIVE nature of gender stereotypes, yet social psychology adds PRESCRIPTIVE element (idea of a gender identity norm), which in her view comes from women’s need to spend time together (need to be included, group membership)pic.twitter.com/Skth9li6xe
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9/ prescriptive nature of gender stereotype seen in survey on whether men have “more right to job-share men vs women who agree” not on 45° line but still wide agreement b/w men & women takeaway is that self-interest is ITSELF A FUNCTION of gender stereotypepic.twitter.com/a9lDifyeDh
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10/ thinking abt preferences which are themselves shaped by norms is complicated. For instance, there’s almost no ≠ b/w male and female general life satisfaction, but there’s a bigger ≠ when you sort out by degree of sexism across countriespic.twitter.com/JZy3H2F6VO
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11/ 2nd key idea in Bertrand's review of econ+ social psychology lit is that both descriptive & prescriptive nature of gender stereotypes makes them *self-fulfilling propheties*: men and women adapt their choice to what’s appropriate and what’s expected from thempic.twitter.com/DQ8viWmlgv
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12/ traditional explanation for why women do not enroll in STEM is that they are less good at math,a result of a self-fulfilling prophecies. Evidence shows that math teachers have strong gender stereotypes, which have significant influence on girls’ self-confidence & performance
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13/ gender gap (yellow) is systematically correlated with measure of gender attitudes. See also Lippamn-Senik’s paper on ≠ in math attitude of women in Eastern vs Western Germany (there was less stereotyping in Eastern Germany) http://ftp.iza.org/dp11532.pdf pic.twitter.com/N3mXKBg2FH
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14/ But gender gap in math is largely gone in US today, STEM educational gap due to reading gap, lack of counter-stereotypical role models, importance of career counselling, gap in self-confidencepic.twitter.com/5TwFSoGb0w
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15/ all this now leads her to ask 2 questions: 1) whether there’s actual ≠ b/w gender? main takeway from evidence within gender ≠ are much larger than between gender ≠. Hyde’s meta-analyse confirms this, though there are exception to this general rulepic.twitter.com/77086x40LC
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16/ 2) are beliefs abt gender ≠ accurate? Mixed results of the lit, but main result is that gender stereotyping exaggerates actual gender ≠ there are more exxagerations that in reality: for instance, actual ≠ in social empathy, but believed ≠ are much largerpic.twitter.com/jJLiJHc3TL
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17/ final series of slides deal w/ how to combat these remaining stereotypes 1)more research, media coverage biased towards study who find gender psy ≠ more than those who find no ≠. Information should be supplemented w/ persuasion b/c of self-fulfilling nature of stereotypepic.twitter.com/ETtyAWpaAB
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18/ 2) Also avoid policies that are taking women out of work b/c suppresses necessary counter-stereotyping examples. Tax code should also be reformed, more gender-neutral policies (gov spending on child-care) implemented “daddy quotas” (take-it or lose-it) good policypic.twitter.com/FsUDjJjb6o
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19/ 3) need for flexibility should be more accommodated (evidence of increasing reward for inflexible work, also in lower-skilled jobs) Evidence shows there’s more sexual harrassment in countries that seem more equal and is correlated with more unpredictable work schedulepic.twitter.com/PmCqTavqZk
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20/ 4) Betrand argues we need to talk abt “inclusion & diversity” rather the other way round, b/c diversity for sake of diversy reinforce focus on gender. She proposes a large array of policies to “de-biase” all processes in organizations, for instance recruitmentpic.twitter.com/xdBwjAIZAJ
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21/ Bertrand concludes that: 1° there might a conservative backlash 2° econs have made huge progress in understanding what drives gender gaps, but should enrich models w/ insights from social psychology 3° all this would allow us to be more like Bonobo societies /end/pic.twitter.com/S0exoO98Ld
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online Video of the talk HT
@DurRobert https://www.aeaweb.org/webcasts/2020/aea-ely-lecture-gender-in-the-21st-century …Prikaži ovu nit
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