There are two interesting semantics-preserving translations of programming languages: introducing a common runtime which all languages can target, as LLVM/WebAssembly and JVM/.NET attempt in different ways; and introducing a universal syntax to wrap around all languages.
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The big differences are in higher order types (dynamic types vs C++ templates vs Haskell quantifiers and typeclasses vs ML modules vs Java/C# generics), memory management and safety (manual vs garbage-collected vs compiler-assisted), and evaluation (lazy vs eager).
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