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19) Instead, the system broke down because of settlement risk. See, when the typical retail trader tries to buy a share of AAPL, they don't send an order to a stock exchange. Instead, they send an order to a stock _broker_, like Robinhood or Schwab. (Or, now, FTX US!)

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20) The dollars they send in are routed to the broker's bank account. Their order is in turn routed to a PFOF firm, like Citadel or Virtu. That firm, in turn, might buy the stock on an ATS from another trading firm, which would finally bid on NASDAQ, or NYSE.

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21) And then, two days later (!!!), comes settlement time. The share of AAPL is settled through the DTCC via something like: NASDAQ --> PFOF#2's clearing firm --> ATS --> PFOF#1's clearing firm --> broker's clearing firm, with the DTCC in between every transfer.

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22) Meanwhile, the dollars used to purchase the stock flow through banks. So in order for your friend to buy one share of AAPL, 11 different entities have to settle with each other over the next few days in 10 payments. And in theory, _any one of those settlements could fail_.

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23) And on January 28th 2021, there was a lot of retail trading volume. Which meant tens (hundreds?) of billions of dollars of pending settlements between tens of counterparties which would take days. As GME rose in price, so did the potential loss if settlement failed.

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24) And eventually that risk got too big for the brokers, which had to partially shut down. How does crypto help this? Well, first of all, with a full stack product, settlement is way simpler. Here's what it takes to buy and settle on ftx.com/trade/BTC/USD:

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25) On FTX, everyone can send orders straight to the exchange; in equities, only the wealthiest traders can. Which means you can bypass all of the settlement risk from intermediaries. But there's another reason that blockchain helps.

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26) Say you tokenize stocks. Instead of waiting 2 days to settle, you can just swap AAPL-token <> USD-token on a blockchain. Which, remember, takes about 10 seconds and costs about $0.0002 in fees. No remaining settlement uncertainty or risk.

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27) So blockchain can create simpler, more equitable, and less risky market structure and settlement. It can help us avoid problems like Gamestop day. And, for that matter, LME Nickel: ftxpolicy.com/posts/risk-man.

Risk Management: Avoiding the Next “LME Nickel” Market Incident

In early March, a Chinese investor with a short position on nickel through derivatives suffered losses when the cost of nickel began to increase substantially. Along with other commodities, nickel...

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28) So how about social media? Right now, if you tweet something, and your friend pulls out Facebook, they can’t see your tweet. Social media networks are isolated, not interoperable.

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29) This means that everyone has to manage 10 different apps, and our networks and conversations are fractured. In addition, all of your network, and friends, and data, are tied to a specific platform.

1:05 PM · Jul 16, 2022Twitter Web App

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30) The largest networks have pseudo-monopolies, with gigantic network effects that prevent new competitors. And how does censorship work? Well, basically, the leaders of the top few social networks have to make unilateral decisions.

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31) Let’s say that, instead, we put messages on a blockchain. So if you used Blockchain-Twitter (BT): --You type the message in BT’s interface --BT posts the message on a public blockchain --Your friend pulls out Blockchain-Facebook (BF) --BF reads your message and displays it

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32) By using an underlying public chain for messages, we’ve made different networks compatible. You can use any platform, and still talk to all your friends on every platform. Your messages, and network, are yours: you can move platforms and keep them.

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33) New platforms can read/write from the chain, inheriting the network effects, allowing real competition. And each platform can make moderation decisions, so at least there’s diversity of opinions.

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34) I could see blockchain having a large impact on payments, remittances, market structure, and social media. And this list isn’t exhaustive; there are tons of areas blockchain can innovate in. I haven’t really touched at all on DeFi, or web3 gaming.

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35) But taking a step back: how many of these areas has crypto revolutionized so far? I think the answer is “not really any of them”. It’s starting to impact some, but not in a widespread way yet. So what could get us there from here?

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36) (i) Technology. Right now the fastest chains can handle 5-50k TPS. We probably need to scale that up to ~1m TPS, whether it’s through L1s, L2s, lightning, rollups, etc. I’m guessing we’ll get there in ~3-7 years.

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37) (ii) Regulation. There needs to be regulatory clarity in order to get mass adoption, and the major platforms have to become licensed. I’m really impressed by the progress the US has made in the last year!

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38) (iii) Great products. Builders have to focus on building great products, not on monetization as the core product.

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39) (iv) Network effects. Many of these use cases don’t work unless two people both use crypto: buyer/seller; sender/receiver; tweeter/reader. That means we have to get up to ~30% adoption by person for (30%^2 =10%) adoption by transaction.

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40) So let’s go build.

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