1) So on energy usage of BTC:
The profile will change long-term. Right now the main driver is from block rewards.
But as block rewards exponentially decay, those will become less relevant.
Long-term, there are really two core drivers.
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2) First, transaction fees.
There's limited block space, and transactions will basically be bidding in auctions for those.
That means that greater demand for BTC transfers --> higher tx fees --> breakeven point with more miners --> more energy used.
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3) So long-term energy used by BTC will scale with total demand for BTC transfers.
The other thing it scales with is security.
If anyone accumulates 51% hashrate they can attack the network.
So for BTC to be secure, it has to be prohibitively expensive to get 51% hashrate.
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