Because we can observe their behaviour. If it is predictable from physical models, it isn't conscious. But we don't have to be dumb about it. Find the consciousness machine in the brain. Go look to see if the AI has one. (It doesn't.)
How could it act as a 'quantum amplifier' if it doesn't maintain quantum coherence at all?
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Penrose's microtubules are supposed to maintain coherence. A quantum amplifier measures and amplifies decoherence events. And it is only a candidate machine - this is an empirical question. There's little point arguing rigorously about something that may not exist.
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I think Penrose's theory is unlikely but it doesn't matter regarding the original question, because if that is how the brain becomes aware you could build an AI with quantum microtubes to make a conscious AI. I think any feature that can evolve can be artificially replicated
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Of course. But not accidentally.
End of conversation
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