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The two main kinds of agriculture were grain-dominated stationary & nomadic pastoral. Over several centuries preceding & during the industrial revolution, some regions of northwestern Europe developed a third kind of ag that combined the best of each: stationary pastoralism. /1
This thread shows some of the results. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, city traffic in northwestern Europe was uniquely dominated by horses supplied by hay and grain fodder from stationary pastoral hinterlands: https://youtu.be/v-5Ts_i164c /2
Hereford cattle, bred in the West Midlands, the hay hinterland of the earliest industrializing region in the world. The _bos taurus_ type of cattle, unique to Europe until the European diaspora, gave more beef & milk & facilitated making hard cheese. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_cattle … /3pic.twitter.com/qXkTWfXFjM
A key benefit of grain agriculture: it's storable & transportable. Hard cheese & sausage gave stationary pastoralism portable protein. Here is Cheshire hard cheese, once a staple of the Royal Navy & also from the hay hinterlands of the Midlands: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_cheese … /4pic.twitter.com/JSDzmocegR
The seeds of stationary pastoralism were sown millennia before when northern Europeans evolved a form of lactase persistence, alongside their _bos taurus_ cows evolving new milk proteins: See https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/lactase-persistence-and-quasi.html … /5pic.twitter.com/RCnzYcTMLs
The spread of hay meadows & fodder fields gave rise to the use of horses in draft. Pulled the same loads as oxen but twice as fast. The biggest breeds pulled even heavier loads & brought the heavy fuels & parts of the industrial revolution together: https://youtu.be/ss1xoOdhU-c?t=269 … /6
Victorians had specialized markets where consumers bought freshly butchered beef. They were often veritable palaces. Here's the Smithfield meat market in London:pic.twitter.com/HEisGC04zE
The Walloon region of Belgium was the first region in Continental Europe to industrialize. Bred in the hay hinterlands of Wallonia were the Belgian and Ardennes heavy draft horses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_horse … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_horse …pic.twitter.com/lTSrjM0XVz
The rise of river navigations & canals followed on the rise of the draft horse during 17-19th centrs. Bucolic haulage: https://youtu.be/7MXidB7V9Ik Many tunnels & aqueducts were built from horse-hauled brick & stone, for example the Barton Aqueduct on the Bridgewater Canal, 1760s. /9pic.twitter.com/kxcTyFNrHN
Ore or stone was hoisted from mines & quarries by horse-powered gins: https://blogs.uakron.edu/cap/quarry-tools/ … Here a gin powers an 18th cent. innovation for grain agriculture, the threshing machine, via an axle bent through a Hooke universal joint: https://youtu.be/FW65z0elWb4// /10pic.twitter.com/MK7j8FtsUk
More info on stationary pastoralism, & the ag & transport revolutions based on it that enabled the industrial revolution & escape from the Malthusian trap: https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2014/10/transportation-divergence-and.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2010/09/malthusian-mystery.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2010/10/malthus-and-capital.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/06/trotting-ahead-of-malthus.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/lactase-persistence-and-quasi.html … /12
I'm so glad there are other people like @NickSzabo4 who have a shared interest in all things interesting...
I now understand the origin of the 2 floored english buses
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