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The two main kinds of agriculture were grain-dominated stationary & nomadic pastoral. Over several centuries preceding & during the industrial revolution, some regions of northwestern Europe developed a third kind of ag that combined the best of each: stationary pastoralism. /1
This thread shows some of the results. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, city traffic in northwestern Europe was uniquely dominated by horses supplied by hay and grain fodder from stationary pastoral hinterlands: https://youtu.be/v-5Ts_i164c /2
Hereford cattle, bred in the West Midlands, the hay hinterland of the earliest industrializing region in the world. The _bos taurus_ type of cattle, unique to Europe until the European diaspora, gave more beef & milk & facilitated making hard cheese. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_cattle … /3pic.twitter.com/qXkTWfXFjM
A key benefit of grain agriculture: it's storable & transportable. Hard cheese & sausage gave stationary pastoralism portable protein. Here is Cheshire hard cheese, once a staple of the Royal Navy & also from the hay hinterlands of the Midlands: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_cheese … /4pic.twitter.com/JSDzmocegR
The seeds of stationary pastoralism were sown millennia before when northern Europeans evolved a form of lactase persistence, alongside their _bos taurus_ cows evolving new milk proteins: See https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/lactase-persistence-and-quasi.html … /5pic.twitter.com/RCnzYcTMLs
The spread of hay meadows & fodder fields gave rise to the use of horses in draft. Pulled the same loads as oxen but twice as fast. The biggest breeds pulled even heavier loads & brought the heavy fuels & parts of the industrial revolution together: https://youtu.be/ss1xoOdhU-c?t=269 … /6
Victorians had specialized markets where consumers bought freshly butchered beef. They were often veritable palaces. Here's the Smithfield meat market in London:pic.twitter.com/HEisGC04zE
The Walloon region of Belgium was the first region in Continental Europe to industrialize. Bred in the hay hinterlands of Wallonia were the Belgian and Ardennes heavy draft horses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_horse … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_horse …pic.twitter.com/lTSrjM0XVz
The rise of river navigations & canals followed on the rise of the draft horse during 17-19th centrs. Bucolic haulage: https://youtu.be/7MXidB7V9Ik Many tunnels & aqueducts were built from horse-hauled brick & stone, for example the Barton Aqueduct on the Bridgewater Canal, 1760s. /9pic.twitter.com/kxcTyFNrHN
Ore or stone was hoisted from mines & quarries by horse-powered gins: https://blogs.uakron.edu/cap/quarry-tools/ … Here a gin powers an 18th cent. innovation for grain agriculture, the threshing machine, via an axle bent through a Hooke universal joint: https://youtu.be/FW65z0elWb4// /10pic.twitter.com/MK7j8FtsUk
More info on stationary pastoralism, & the ag & transport revolutions based on it that enabled the industrial revolution & escape from the Malthusian trap: https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2014/10/transportation-divergence-and.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2010/09/malthusian-mystery.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2010/10/malthus-and-capital.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/06/trotting-ahead-of-malthus.html … https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/lactase-persistence-and-quasi.html … /12
I’m just looking to understand in this tweet storm why in Argentina we have railroads by the British, cows and milk, but no good cheese.
Do you cows descend from British or Spanish cows?
Always thought that it was something related to war, since we didn’t need to rationalize food so much (just without researching anything) but interested on your takepic.twitter.com/r7R65zeNVi
I imagine several factors: * Less lactase persistence leads to more beef & less dairy * Hard cheese is generally a northern rather than Mediterranean tradition, based on their cows lactation cycle * Refrigeration made hard cheese less necessary
@TokenHash British vs. Argentine vs. Spanish pastoral agriculture?
16th to 18th centuries Buenos Aires colonizers lived off hunting (yes hunting! a.k.a. 'vaquerías') the originally Spanish cattle the conquistadores brought from southern Spain.
Makes sense! Costless to let them breed & feed on the vast new pastures, so no point in securing property rights in that part of their cycle under such conditions.
Thank you both! Interesting
@TuurDemeester Imho it’s not that lactose intolerance is staggeringly low in NL. They’re just used to it. Prof. Fasano of Harvard says everyone is gluten intolerant. Some people just deal with it better than others. #StopDairy #StopGluten #BuyBitcoin
There's a specific gene producing a specific protein called lactase, which digests milk sugar. Without it, the sugar just passes thru or feeds the gut bacteria, often (but not always) producing lactose intolerance. "Schoolmelk" tradition only benefits lactase persistent people.
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