Nick Szabo  🔑

Farming was the big breakthrough in biological scalability. Less obvious but still very important were advances in hygiene, such as the use of boiled water (as herbal or proper tea) or alcohol to avoid drinking disease-carrying village water.

The same East Asian regions that innovated in biological scalability prior to agriculture also were the first to domesticate dogs. Dogs likely served as intruder alarms for early villages, making them more secure: an increase in social scalability.

Life itself underwent revolutions that increased its scale. One of the earliest was when it evolved the ability to break the triply-bonded N2 to create the single-N-containing molecules needed to make all amino acids, and thus all proteins. https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2010/10/elements-evolution-and-nitrogen-crisis.html …

Besides amino acids made from scarce single-nitrogen molecules, another crucial building block hard for life to get from the environment is phosphate, out of which is made the core molecules of life: DNA, RNA, and the ubiquitous energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Perhaps over 800 million years ago, long before land was colonized by plants, land was first colonized by lichens. By opening up an entire new environment, land instead of just sea, lichens increased the scale of life itself.

To be pioneers of dead rock lichens, a symbiosis of algae & fungus, have to do everything for themselves: convert CO2 & H2O into carbohydrates via photosynthesis, fix nitrogen, & obtain phosphate. But on land phosphate is embedded in rock, not dissolved in seawater. How to get?

That's where the fungus half of the lichen partnership comes in. It grows hyphae, tiny root-like structures that crack rock, increasing its surface area. It then uses oxalic acid to dissolve phosphate out of that new surface. Then it can absorb phosphate much as it would at sea.