Mike Shor

1/ "Officers are more likely to shoot Black suspects, even when race-based differences in crime are held constant."pic.twitter.com/X069vugNLO

2/ "We observe racial disparities in officer respect even in police utterances from the initial 5% of an interaction, suggesting that officers speak differently to community members of different races even before the driver has had the opportunity to say much at all."pic.twitter.com/jSdooPDtwV

3/ "We find a fairly large race disparity in local police officer stops and a very small one in highway patrol stops ... it is difficult for the highway patrol to identify the race of drivers because cars are moving at fairly high speeds."pic.twitter.com/1fbl34wWrM

4/ "Indeed, we found that when Whites were exposed to a 'Blacker' prison population, they became significantly more fearful of crime, which, in turn, increased their support of punitive crime policies."pic.twitter.com/DhtoWs8N82

5/ "blacks and Hispanics are more than 50 percent more likely to experience some form of force in interactions with police."pic.twitter.com/HPapjKloTP

6/ "The dramatic increase in stop activity in recent years is concentrated predominantly in minority neighborhoods ... based on the neighborhoods in which they live rather than the crime problems in those areas."pic.twitter.com/A4hdlUtody

7/ "We study speeding tickets and the choice of officers to discount drivers to a speed right below an onerous punishment... racial bias is due to 20% of officers."pic.twitter.com/f3rumMyt0k

8/ "The targeting of [marijuana] enforcement efforts toward blacks and Hispanics is dramatically out of proportion to national statistics that suggest comparable usage rates across racial groups."pic.twitter.com/KViyH2BhrQ

9/ "Incidents of extreme violence against police officers can lead to periods of substantially increased racial disparities in the use of police force."pic.twitter.com/DUL5WdrcTc

10/ "Individuals living in a neighborhood where a greater proportion of black or Latino stops involve force ... are more likely to perceive their own health as poor/fair, to be diagnosed with diabetes and high blood pressure, and to be overweight/obese."pic.twitter.com/TdmtBn395R

11/ Black and Hispanic men that police officers perceive as "very large... had the greatest odds of having force used upon them."pic.twitter.com/7Bz2TuowEK

12/ "Both Black and Latino suspects received higher levels of police force earlier in interactions... When Black and Latino suspects resisted, they received significantly more force than when White suspects resisted."pic.twitter.com/svL3vSDb81

13/ "Incarceration rates may reach a certain tipping point, which...actually contribute to the social conditions that lead to, rather than control, crime... Enforcement-heavy, arrest-driven policing will continue to reinforce the community’s belief in police illegitimacy."pic.twitter.com/Le2c7djkk1

14/ Strict enforcement of drug laws, especially against Blacks, disrupts employment, increases marginalization, and increases crime rates.pic.twitter.com/wLEDiPMVat

15/ "African-American males are up to 8% more likely to receive a frisk during a traffic stop when compared to an equivalent Caucasian driver."pic.twitter.com/k0zajCx5LV

16/ "There is strong and robust evidence of discrimination against African-Americans for weapon and drugs related crimes."pic.twitter.com/s9GsM2trMs

17/ "Incidence- and severity-of-force are both increasingly employed as tools to maintain the existing social order as the Black population increases."pic.twitter.com/wB6exxLDvd

18/ Repeated unjustified encounters with police "correlates with dimmer views of law enforcement and [may lead to] ... police avoidance, or help-seeking behavior in the context of criminal victimization."pic.twitter.com/Z7jBlUKAsT

19/ Philadelphia police "may be using a lower bar for reasonable suspicion in their decisions to frisk Black residents... The proportion Black in an area was significantly associated with heightened odds of a person being subjected to an unproductive frisk."pic.twitter.com/HfFFOR17rg

20/ "Blacks/Latinos were significantly more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated [but] There were no significant differences in a circumscribed set illegal behaviors (i.e., sex for money or drugs, selling drugs) by race."pic.twitter.com/x9wAfmKJxQ

21/ "The police tend to concentrate on factors that have little to do with the presence of drugs in a car. Most importantly, the police focus on African American men and Hispanic men despite the fact that white men, and even white women, are more apt to have drugs in the car."pic.twitter.com/vx0RoV7ZMd

23/ "Our analyses indicate that the [Tampa] PD’s bicycle enforcement did not produce a community benefit in terms of crime reduction but did burden individual bicyclists, particularly Black bicyclists."pic.twitter.com/HSCir3FsXb

24/ "stop-and-frisk reduced turnout among registered voters in midterm and mayoral elections... Black, male, and older citizens were the most strongly demobilized by stop-and-frisk."pic.twitter.com/Yl7A7PWmnE

25/ "The bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was lower than that for searching white drivers."pic.twitter.com/velG09WPFY

26/ "Officers’ accounts excuse, justify, or otherwise negate the role of race in routine police work, yet officers’ thoughts and actions are based on racialized and, at times, dehumanizing narratives about people and communities of color."pic.twitter.com/8StVnr1ZZT

27/ "Black citizens were more likely than white citizens to be shot at when comparing the known race/ethnicity of citizens who discharged firearms against officers in California" (but fatalities were not significantly different nationally).pic.twitter.com/ky8BNgXoGr

28/ "Results revealed that Black (vs. White) people were more likely to be frisked, searched, arrested, and have force used against them. Critically, these racial disparities were more pronounced for people stopped in groups (vs. alone)."pic.twitter.com/MhK0vVrbYB

29/ "Black and Hispanic complainants are much less likely to have their allegations of police misconduct sustained. Black complainants are 4.2 times more likely that their misconduct allegation will culminate in the exoneration of the police officer."pic.twitter.com/B9ZdqJ36pJ