There were Buddhisms before the 1800s, but the religion was massively revised then to meet modern needs:https://vividness.live/2011/06/28/a-new-world-religion/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
Protestant Christianity was a main model for the 1800s Buddhist Reformation:https://vividness.live/2011/06/24/protestant-buddhism/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
Urgent political crises drove the 1800s Protestant Buddhist Reformation, as well as endogenous religious ones:https://vividness.live/2011/06/21/modern-buddhism-forged-as-anti-colonial-weapon/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
Mongkut, the genius King of Siam (Thailand), single-handedly invented much of modern Buddhism:https://vividness.live/2011/07/05/the-king-of-siam-invents-western-buddhism/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
In Theravada, the method of vipassana was apparently entirely lost, and reinvented from scratch around 1900:https://vividness.live/2011/07/07/theravada-reinvents-meditation/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
Zen was officially destroyed and then rebuilt from scratch in the 1880s, based largely on German Romantic Idealism:https://vividness.live/2011/07/02/zen-vs-the-u-s-navy/ …
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Replying to @Meaningness
My posts on early modern Theravada & Zen simply summarized research by professional historians. Are no detailed parallel analyses for Tibet.
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Replying to @Meaningness
Around 2012, I started research on the modernization of Tibetan Buddhism. Eventually dropped the project (because, seriously, who cares?).
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Replying to @Meaningness
Summary: there have been three massive waves of modernization of Tibetan Buddhism. (Plus of course earlier, pre-modern reform waves.)
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Replying to @Meaningness
Tibetan Buddhist modernization #1 was late 1600s/early 1700s, driven by Chinese modernization under Kangxi and later Qing emperors.
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A key innovation of the 1600s Tibetan Buddhist modernization was mass practice of tantric sadhana, which was previously elite-only.
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Replying to @Meaningness
Tibetan Buddhist reform wave #2 was 1800s Ri-mé resistance movement, which introduced a strikingly new and attractive metaphysics.
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Replying to @Meaningness
Tibet in the early 1800s was quite open to the modern world, notably British India. How much influence that had on Ri-mé, I’m not sure!
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