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Maybe the fraudsters are achieving this 'heads I win, tails you lose' outcome through clever means and dodgy accounting all along the chain, but its a lot of assumption to come up with the number.
Uncollected VAT on apparently underpriced imports is the biggest one. But unless the importers are the final consumer, or the products are going into the black market surely the VAT would be collected anyway down the line? 
Why are GFI, the funder of this report @FordFoundation , the members of the transparency and accountability community @TAInitiative @FinTrCo all so willing to keep churning out these reports, and so uninterested in scrutinising and seriously considering their findings?
If you believe the misinvoicing methodology works to uncover real large scale fraud you should be chasing down the story of the Ireland-Egypt essential oil trade, not bundling it into a spurious headline about billions for the SDGs.pic.twitter.com/jDInBFB1iA
.... Unless the whole point of the methodology is to come up with big numbers. ..... because they can be used to argue for policies on transparency and accountability....
I like transparency and accountability. Its a good hypothesis and hope. The idea that if people have access to data about what their govt & other powerful organisations are doing they will hold them accountable. But it is a dynamic that has to be built by people & organisations
How can foundations contribute to that that if they are satisfied to keep funding the same organisations to produce the same reports, with the same lack of curiosity and scrutiny. ....."We need more transparency!" But don't look too closely at the analysis!
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