Kevin Simler

But once you get chemicals arranged in self-replicating bundles, you've entered an entirely new regime: evolution by natural selection. Suddenly there's a process of cumulative change. Suddenly there's LEARNING.

This isn't geocentrism. Any life, anywhere in the universe, gets us out of the Age of Boredom. It's just, as far as we know (for now), life happened to arise in only one place, here on Earth.

So, here's our narrative: First, the Big Bang. Then 10 billion years of boredom (give or take). Then life! An explosion of learning! And 4 billion years later, here we are.

Now, what if we want to refine this picture? What if we allowed ourselves TWO events in our history of the universe? What's the second most important thing?

I know, there are many perspectives. But again, I think it's clear: humans are the next most important thing. And once again it comes down to learning. Before humans, all cumulative learning took place in genomes. But humans introduced an entirely new modality: culture.

Yes, brains can learn, and brains existed before humans. But brains die with their hosts, and all their hard-won knowledge has to be re-learned from scratch by the next generation.

Some animals pass knowledge from parents to children. But the carrying capacity of this "culture" is small and fixed. Humans were the first species with the ability to ACCUMULATE knowledge in culture, in an open-ended way.