It’s responsible for all the mass of *fundamental* particles.. fundamental particles can’t have explicit mass terms because of gauge invariance
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Mass terms introduce unwanted new terms in the Lagrangian when you change your gauge, breaking the invariance of the laws of physics under gauge change. On the other hand, the Higgs mechanism provides a gauge-invariant equivalent to a mass term to massless particles.
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Let me check once I'm home, but it's possible that we have both mass and U(1) gauge-invariance
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Replying to @tasdecellules @LambdaQG and
U(1) symmetry indeed allow mass term for fermions, but not for the gauge field!
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In a pure U(1) gauge theory yes, but once you start adding other gauge symmetries you are extremely restricted with what you can write down.. for instance the SM is a chiral gauge theory and the fermionic mass terms are no longer gauge invariant
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It's the opposite of a problem! that's why gauge theories are said to be maximally predictive, the more constrained we are the better The higgs transforms under the chiral symmetry group (like left handed fermions).. this way we can write down gauge invariant interactions.. 1/2
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whereas the mass term doesn't transform under the symmetry group, and so you'd pick up an extra phase if you try to transform something like q_L q_R (and so it's not invariant) ..
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