Is empty space 'empty'? Fields extend throughout all space. So photons moving through space 'know' about other fields (like the e⁻ field) This 'knowing' is called field interaction, & the leading order correction to the vacuum in E&M is a virtual electron, anti-electron pairpic.twitter.com/1wFEus8KB0
Pascal, I’m trying to reach an audience of people here who are not familiar with instantons
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The diagram you showed is the photon self-energy (vacuum polarization), a one loop (correction), but guess you want to illustrate QFT/particle physics in a crash course ending up with instantons (e.g. tunneling/non perturbative effects) and all that?
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I did show the vacuum polarization?
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