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Profil korisnika/ce Historian_Steve
Steve Campbell
Steve Campbell
Steve Campbell
@Historian_Steve

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Steve Campbell

@Historian_Steve

Early-19th c. US historian. Lecturer at Cal Poly Pomona. Author of The Bank War and the Partisan Press (University Press of Kansas, 2019)

La Verne, CA
historianstevecampbell.com
Vrijeme pridruživanja: lipanj 2017.

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    Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
    • Prijavi Tweet

    1. THREAD on the Panic of 1819. I've written a review of Andrew Browning's book for the Economic Historian. The full review is here: https://economic-historian.com/2020/01/the-panic-of-1819-as-americas-first-great-depression/ … This thread contains some of my thoughts + images.pic.twitter.com/22JYkqI1CW

    22:46 - 25. sij 2020.
    • 53 proslijeđena tweeta
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    • Espen Ekberg Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo 🇲🇽🇬🇧🇪🇺#FBPE Taking Action 4 US Ariella Baker-Archer Raymond Lavertue Jason Anthony Mona  مُنى Johnny Fulfer U of Missouri Press
    8 replies 53 proslijeđena tweeta 138 korisnika označava da im se sviđa
      1. Novi razgovor
      2. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
        • Prijavi Tweet

        2. Students of economic history in the early American republic often equate the Panic of 1819 with the name Murray Rothbard, the famous libertarian economist who wrote the definitive account of this subject as his 1962 doctoral dissertation.

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      3. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        3. After nearly six decades, we finally have an update in Andrew Browning’s The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression, the publication of which fell on the 200th anniversary of this watershed event.pic.twitter.com/r590A2linA

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      4. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        4. In this ambitious and lively narrative, Browning argues that the panic “gave the country its first experience of nationwide waves of bankruptcies, business failures, foreclosures, and unemployment” (p. 3).

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      5. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        5. Earlier crashes, he says, had mostly affected the wealthy. But by 1819, the economy was more connected through interregional and global networks. This depression was noteworthy for afflicting all economic classes and regions

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      6. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        6. Most readers would naturally be interested in what caused the panic. And Browning spends a lot of time on this topic. He begins with Napoleon.

        1 reply 1 proslijeđeni tweet 7 korisnika označava da im se sviđa
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      7. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        7. Thomas Jefferson's 1803 deal with the French emperor for the Louisiana Purchase was a steal by any measure, but the United States lacked the hard currency to pay up front. Here's a political cartoon from a Federalist perspective.pic.twitter.com/IjEwBUgU3V

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      8. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        8. So the U.S. would have to borrow money. Accordingly, the U.S. Treasury borrowed $11.25 million from domestic and foreign investors by issuing bonds bearing six percent interest (p. 20). The U.S. would have to pay the first installment in gold to France by December 1818.

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      9. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        9. The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), recently chartered in 1816, served as the chief fiscal agent of the Treasury. This meant that the BUS helped manage the way in which the federal government collected and distributed public revenue.pic.twitter.com/NM8glUfaW8

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      10. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        10. Since the Louisiana Purchase was a public expenditure, the BUS would have to come up with this money. As Browning writes, this was an immense challenge involving last-minute negotiating.

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      11. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        11. Napoleon's rule came to an end at the hands of the British and their allies in 1815, but the British soon found themselves mired in a post-war depression. Fears of social and economic unrest rippled throughout the community.

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      12. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        12. To keep their factories operating and prevent further militancy among the ranks of the unemployed, British business leaders started producing and exporting large quantities of manufactured goods, dumping them on American shores.

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      13. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        13. While American consumers welcomed access to cheap goods, producers sought protection from job losses through higher tariffs. It is here, in New England and the mid-Atlantic states in 1815 and 1816, that Browning identifies some of the first warnings of panic.

        1 reply 1 proslijeđeni tweet 7 korisnika označava da im se sviđa
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      14. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        14. The post-war slump that struck the Northeast would eventually spread to cities like Pittsburgh and down the Ohio River to Lexington, Kentucky, harming nascent manufacturing sectors in the areas (p. 40-43).

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      15. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        15. In the meantime (we're still talking about the panic's causes here), a number of different factors were coming together to inflate a land bubble in the West. First, there was a *MASSIVE* volcano eruption in the Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia.

        1 reply 1 proslijeđeni tweet 9 korisnika označava da im se sviđa
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      16. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        16. The eruption was 100 times more violent as the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. It created a thick atmospheric haze so disruptive to global weather systems that 1816 was remembered as “the year without a summer.”

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      17. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        17. Freakish weather events led to poor wheat harvests in Europe, which in turn raised prices (p. 75). New England farmers, repelled by unusually cold temperatures and attracted by the prospect of profiting from high prices, moved West in large numbers to buy cheap land.

        1 reply 1 proslijeđeni tweet 8 korisnika označava da im se sviđa
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      18. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        18. What role did banks play in causing the panic? Well, their excessive lending helped inflate the bubble. There was an explosion in the number of banks between 1810 and 1820. The First BUS failed to secure a new 20-year charter in 1811.

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      19. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        19. There was no longer any restraining influence on state banks in the absence of the 1BUS, which had acted as a central bank in some respects.

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      20. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        20. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, there were only 3 banks in existence. One of them was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia (here's my own photograph of a bank note from this institution, dated 1829). But by 1815 some 200 banks were in existence!pic.twitter.com/aW2w2s9cSM

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      21. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        21. The high volume of bank loans in this era was tied to land and commodities like wheat and cotton. Federal legislation, in fact, helped encourage the boom. Browning doesn't emphasize this, but here is an example of govt institutions *shaping* markets (it's not a free market)

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      22. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        22. A law passed in 1800 allowed farmers to buy land on credit for the first time at the low price of only two dollars per acre.

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      23. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        23. The plan was for farmers to pledge one-quarter of the money they owed up front with the expectation that profits from the sale of commodities at high prices would allow them to comfortably pay back the remainder in four years (p. 93).

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      24. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        24. As you might imagine, this plan can only work if commodity prices remained high and the bank notes farmers used to pay for their land retained their value, neither of which were true.

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      25. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        25. Falling prices made it difficult, if not impossible, for farmers to meet their obligations while land offices and the Treasury Department were stuck with depreciated banknotes issued by western banks.

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      26. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        26. Here is my own photograph of a $1 bank note issued by the Farming and Commercial Bank of Carlisle (Pennsylvania), dated November 24, 1819. If you look closely, it says chartered by the (PA) Legislature in 1818 and indeed, this relates to Browning's discussion.pic.twitter.com/tEVozoZ3BV

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      27. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        27. Irresponsible practices at the BUS reinforced to this disorderly state of affairs (p. 109). During its early years, the BUS was chronically low on specie, which it needed to pay off the Louisiana Purchase, regulate the lending practices of state banks, and uphold the currency

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      28. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        28. Why was the BUS low on specie? Because so many loans from its southern and western branches were fueling the boom in land and commodities.

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      29. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        29. One of the ways in which the BUS lent was by issuing its own notes. Bank notes are credit instruments that circulate from hand to hand as cash. Look at the account book of any bank and you'll often see the column "circulation." That's the number of notes the bank issues.

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      30. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        30. All the notes issued by the BUS branches eventually worked their way eastward through the regular course of trade, where merchants exchanged for them for specie. But this only depleted the Bank’s reserves and forced the institution to purchase gold and silver from abroad

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      31. Steve Campbell‏ @Historian_Steve 26. sij
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        31. (As an aside, one of the things I'm trying to do here is walk the reader through this process, step by step. It can get very confusing if you don't know how this process works or if authors don't explain terms very well--looking at you one scholar in Louisiana)

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      32. Još 50 drugih odgovora

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