3. In 1900 Fredrick Opper created Happy Hooligan, a lovable but luckless Irish American tramp. In 1901 he wrote an article explaining why ethnic caricature was inevitable part of cartooning.pic.twitter.com/g8OJOkwhqu
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14. Apu is going through the same trajectory as Amos 'n' Andy, with an older generation that tolerated giving way to a younger one that recognizes the offensive features.
15. One reason for these generational shifts, I think, is kids are more sensitive to impact of stereotypes. They live, after all, in world of bullies
16. God knows, it's always tempting to say, "Screw the kids, what do they know?" or "Grow up, snowflakes!" That's a mistake.
17. If only there were a Simpson's meme about the dangers of being an out of touch coot!pic.twitter.com/rns0l3oIyg
18. My larger reflections on why listening to the kids changed my mind about Apu:https://newrepublic.com/article/147980/epiphany-problem-apu-simpsons …
I would point out that the Amos n Andy TV show didn't feature blackface--it was an all-black cast. And there was still very much varied reception to it. It was decried by the NAACP and other groups, but also an extremely popular show with some black audiences.
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