But then, a further 7 were excluded because of 'poor hydration compliance' What does this mean? Essentially, the researchers thought they were drinking more/less water than their experimental conditionpic.twitter.com/PJXeqv0IG5
Epidemiologist. Writer (Guardian, Observer etc). "Well known research trouble-maker". PhDing at @UoW Host of @senscipod Email gidmk.healthnerd@gmail.com he/him
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But then, a further 7 were excluded because of 'poor hydration compliance' What does this mean? Essentially, the researchers thought they were drinking more/less water than their experimental conditionpic.twitter.com/PJXeqv0IG5
Now, this makes the study what's known as a per-protocol analysis Without going into the details, per-protocol analyses are KNOWN for giving spurious/misleading resultspic.twitter.com/o2G7Yissgq
But there's more - after excluding participants entirely, the study excluded between 5 and 21 children from each analysis in the study That's up to 28% of the remaining sample (!)pic.twitter.com/j0KfldJaV2
This was due to "poor cognitive data" What does that mean? Well, according to the study, it means that these kids had results that were considered 'outliers' or 'poor performance'pic.twitter.com/70Z3ZHH8rl
Astute readers will note that this means that apparently 8/64 (13%!) of the children had results more than 3 standard deviations from the mean in the go/no-go task That seems...unlikely
To give you an idea of how unlikely, I ran the mean/standard deviations through SPRITE (thanks @sTeamTraen @jamesheathers) for 100 repetitions, and didn't get a single distribution with more than 3% of results >3 SDs from the mean
So...maybe possible? VERY weird
Well, we don't know the mean and SD before the 19 participants were removed, but I agree that 8/73=11% of 3-SD outliers is a lot, and SPRITE is going to struggle to find solutions (e.g., with 8 "fixed" values of 901ms, in the first go/no-go line with M=600.6 and SEM=11.7->SD=100)
It seems very odd that they had so many outliers to me, surely at that point they aren't really outliers any more!
Once you start selecting on the dependent variable, unless it's flagrantly bad, you are going to be in trouble. A number of their include/exclude decisions look very arbitrary to me.
That's definitely true. Cannot see why you'd exclude children with lower than 40% accuracy, seems like an entirely arbitrary decision 
Also worrying because of the apparent lack of randomization - very likely that you'd see worse scores in early trials
It's almost as if the researchers had a goal other than the dispassionate acquisition of knowledge.
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