2) Reputational cascades: “People ordinarily want to be perceived as standing on high moral ground, so in the presence of sufficiently strong pressures, they adjust their expressions accordingly.” Both elements become more powerful the more widespread the cascade.
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Runaway availability cascades If momentum behind a cascade is high, some people may avoid speaking out against it or even actively support it despite knowing they are inaccurate or outright wrong.
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Politicians riding runaway availability cascades “To avoid charges of insensitivity, even to avoid having to justify an unpopular position, [a politician] may make speeches and promote policies that convey deep concern about a waste spill that he actually considers harmless.”
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Social availability errors: When availability cascades create "widespread mistaken beliefs”. “The resulting mass delusions may last indefinitely and produce detrimental laws and policies."
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Meta Ironically, the paper is itself an availability cascade for available cascades that exploits the availability heuristic: “Offering recent examples of availability cascades that have resulted in socially harmful regulatory responses, we shall propose institutional reforms…”
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What are historical examples? Edward Bernays, the GOAT of Availability Entrepreneurs. As Freud’s cousin, he exploited his ideas to create the PR industry, the idea of “lifestyle” products, and sway elections. Documented in The Century of the Self: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_of_the_Self …
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Summary Availability cascades are extremely powerful mechanisms that determine what ideas dominate in society. They work by combining the proliferation of specific information and social pressure in a runaway self-reinforcing cycle.
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