Building GrapheneOS and Vanadium on both a Ryzen 9 5950X and i7-6950X at the same time is a nice improvement.
Clean builds on Ryzen 9 5950X are a bit over 2x faster. It's not quite that much faster for most incremental builds, but it's still substantial, even for small changes.
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A clean build of the entire OS for the Pixel 5 takes about 40 minutes on the Ryzen 9 5950X. The vast majority of development builds are incremental builds taking a couple minutes.
Signing a production release also adds a bit more time but doesn't depend on the build directory.
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It takes about 90 minutes on the i7-5950X @ 4.5GHz. It used to be substantially faster, but there's a lot more work involved in building now due to higher-level use of C++ and now Rust, LTO, ABI verification, etc. along with Spectre/Meltdown patches regressing performance a lot.
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The only supported environment for building is x86_64 Linux and nearly the entire userspace environment is provided by the AOSP/GrapheneOS source tree.
It provides the toolchain and even basic *nix utilities via Toybox, an awk implementation, etc.
Only kernel really matters.
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A modern Linux kernel may be somewhat faster but the most important thing is the CPU followed by having a ton of decently fast memory.
Any decent NVMe SSD is pretty much going to perform the same for this but it's nice to have a durable one due to a huge amount of data written.