There are 256 and even 24-bit color palettes. You generally need to configure the applications using them. Most applications don't make use of it by default without explicitly configuring them to do it.
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getting emacs to use 24bit color requires two things:
1) terminfo entries for setab/setaf (gist.github.com/dylanwh/9029e6)
2) a version of ncurses that is new enough to understand those (so not the one that comes with macOS)
For me this meant using macports to install emacs...
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I only use my Mac for Chrome + ssh'ing to a Linux machine. Emacs only runs on Linux remotely.
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You probably do have both 256 and 24-bit color support, the issue is that you don't like it since it's allowing your Emacs theme to use more colors. I do think the best option is either switching to a 16 palette theme or using a matching theme for terminal + Emacs.
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If you really want to disable 256 / 24-bit color support you can use the terminfo decompile + recompile approach that I gave you though.
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These are two different options though: 16/256 colors are set by this line: gist.github.com/dylanwh/9029e6
24-bit color comes from this line:
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Here is diff of changing to 16 colors.
xterm-256color has *other* changes unrelated to colors that you probably need for full terminal support, so hacking it back down to 16 is the best. If you run tic on this, it will make a ~/.terminfo/x/xterm-16color
gist.github.com/dylanwh/9029e6
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you will need that .terminfo/ directory on every computer, and to set TERM=xterm-16color, but it should make everything consistent.
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The ccc, initc and oc capabilities are for changing color values which is another difference between xterm / xterm-256color that's probably not wanted (just delete both). AFAICT, all the differences in `infocmp xterm xterm-256color` are tied to colors.
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It depends, xterm is often misconfigured for keys or mouse support:
Here xterm has wrong defintions for kind, kmous, knp, kpp, etc.
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