Bret Devereaux Twitterissä: "Finally, a note on age and gender. I have assumed here very roughly that adult males (the thing our ancient sources measure) comprise about a third of total people, but the blocks represent adults and of course both men and women. 19/23"

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

SPARTA: Estimates here follow as noted P. Cartledge, Agesilaus and the Crisis of Sparta (1987) and R.J.A. Talbert, "The Role of the Helots in the Class Struggle at Sparta" Historia (1989). Thomas J. Figueira has argued for a smaller number of helots... 9/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

...(in Helots and Their Masters in Laconia and Messenia (2003)), roughly 118k (a bit more than half my figure here); I think this is useful as a lower bound but I suspect helot labor was less efficiently deployed than he assumes and thus am comfortable with a higher figure. 10/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

ROME: The basis for these figures fundamentally derives from Polybius' account of the manpower available to Rome in 225 (thus the precise year), Plb. 2.24. Those figures are MUCH better than the evidence for Sparta or Athens, but their interpretation is fraught. 11/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

Substantially I follow L. Deligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers (2012) on the general figures here. I accept N. Rosenstein's downward adjustment of estimates of the number of capiti censi (Rome at War (2004)) and @DrMichaelJTayl1 's breakdown of the... 12/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

...assidui and proletarii, as well as the split between the equites cum equo publico vs. cum equo suo (Soldiers & Silver (2020)). For Roman demography nerds, this means I adopt a high version of the 'low count.' 13/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

For non-Roman citizens, things get dicey fast. Polybius gives us totals for the number of allies who serve as cavalry and the number that serve as infantry. I have assumed - and this is a HEROIC assumption - that the social class breakdown in the... 14/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

...various non-Roman Italian allies looks broadly like the Roman one. This informs the estimate for the propertyless poor (the equivalent of the Roman capite censi) in the rest of Italy. That is essentially a raw guess and could be substantially off. 15/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

For Enslaved Persons, I have accepted the guess made by P.A. Brunt, Italian Manpower: 225 BC - AD 14 (1971) of around half a million and split it evenly between Romans and Italians. That even split gives the Romans *somewhat* higher percentage of enslaved persons... 16/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

...but honestly the real ratio likely has far more (but by no means all) of the enslaved people held in Roman communities. The figure for the number of enslaved people at this point is, however, little more than a fairly blind guess. 17/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

That c. 500k figure also does not reflect, of course, the dramatic growth in the number of enslaved people in Roman Italy was a result of Rome's conquests in the 100s (which haven't happened yet). 18/23

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Bret Devereaux‏ @BretDevereaux 19. lokak.

Finally, a note on age and gender. I have assumed here very roughly that adult males (the thing our ancient sources measure) comprise about a third of total people, but the blocks represent adults and of course both men and women. 19/23

15.09 - 19. lokak. 2021